Super Mario Galaxy

"Mario Galaxy" redirects here. For the stage in Super Smash Bros. for Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, see Mario Galaxy (stage).

"Super Mario Wii" redirects here. For the game commonly referred to as "Super Mario Wii" in other languages, see New Super Mario Bros. Wii.

Super Mario Galaxy
For alternate box art, see the game's gallery.
Developer	Nintendo EAD Tokyo
Publisher	Nintendo
Platform(s)	Wii, Wii U, Nvidia Shield TV (Mainland China only)
Release date	Original release: November 1, 2007 November 12, 2007 November 12, 2007 November 16, 2007 November 29, 2007 September 4, 2008 Nintendo Selects: August 28, 2011 September 16, 2011 November 7, 2013 April 23, 2015 Wii U (digital download): May 31, 2015 December 24, 2015 February 4, 2016 February 5, 2016 Nvidia Shield TV: March 22, 2018
Language(s)	Deutsch English (United Kingdom) English (United States) Español (España) Español (Latinoamérica) Français (Canada) Français (France) Italiano 한국어 日本語 简体中文 (Nvidia Shield TV only)
Genre	Platformer, action-adventure
Rating(s)	Original release: ESRB: - Everyone PEGI: - Three years and older CERO: - All ages ACB: - General USK: - Six years and older RARS: - All ages GRAC: - All ages Nintendo Selects: DEJUS: - General audience Wii U (digital download): ACB: - Parental Guidance
Mode(s)	Single-player, two-player co-op
Media	Wii: Optical disc Wii U: Digital download Nvidia Shield TV: Digital download
Input	Wii: Wii Remote Wii Remote and Nunchuk Wii U: Wii U GamePad Wii Remote Wii Remote and Nunchuk Nvidia Shield TV: Nvidia Shield Controller

Super Mario Galaxy is a 3D action-adventure platform game for the Wii, first released in Japan on November 1, 2007. It is the eleventh entry in the Super Mario series, the third 3D platformer, and the first of what would be recognized in retrospect as the "course clear-style" games of the series. In this game, the player controls Mario in outer space, moving across spherical planetoids with their own centers of gravity. The levels are more linear than those found in its 3D predecessors Super Mario 64 (1996) and Super Mario Sunshine (2002). Similar to prior games, Mario collects Power Stars to rescue Princess Peach from Bowser, who is trying to establish his own galaxy at the center of the universe. Mario is aided by Luigi, a brigade of Toads, star-shaped creatures called Lumas, and a mysterious woman named Rosalina. The save data description for the game is "Launch into a cosmic adventure!"

Upon its release, Super Mario Galaxy was met with critical acclaim and commercial success. It received various awards and accolades, including from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences, the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association, and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. It has sold 12.8 million copies, making it the ninth-best-selling Wii game. It was rereleased in 2011 under the Nintendo Selects branding for having sold so well. It is one of the few Wii titles to have been rereleased on the Nvidia Shield TV console in 2018. Another rerelease with upscaled graphics was included in Super Mario 3D All-Stars alongside Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine on September 18, 2020, to correspond with the 35th anniversary of Super Mario Bros. (1985). After its original release, a dedicated sequel, Super Mario Galaxy 2, was developed and released for the Wii on May 22, 2010.

Super Mario Galaxy has gone on to be considered one of the greatest video games of all time and a masterpiece.

Story

From the instruction booklet

Every hundred years, a huge comet flies by in the skies above the Mushroom Kingdom. One year, that comet filled the entire sky, and from it fell a stream of shooting stars. The Toads scooped up the Star Bits and brought them to the castle, where they were reborn as a great Power Star. It was a happy time in the Mushroom Kingdom. Then one night Mario received a letter...

Dear Mario, I'll be waiting for you at the castle on the night of the Star Festival. There's something I'd like to give you. From Peach

With invitation in hand, Mario headed off to the castle just as the Star Festival was getting into full swing. Surrounded by Toads gleefully trying to catch falling Star Bits, Mario was looking forward to the night's festivities.

But then, something happened...

Castle Gardens, the beginning area.

Every century, on the eve of the Star Festival, a comet passes over the Mushroom Kingdom and causes stars to fall to the planet below. Princess Peach invites Mario to her castle to join in the festivities and receive a special gift. As Mario arrives in the Castle Gardens, Bowser suddenly attacks the Toads with his airships and encases them in crystals. He "invites" Peach to the creation of his brand new galaxy and uses a UFO to lift the castle off the ground and carry it to the center of the universe, taking her and two Toads with it. Mario manages to reach the castle just before it is taken into outer space, but before he can get to Peach, Kamek suddenly appears and casts a spell at him, knocking him off the castle and deep into space. An apricot-colored Luma, whom Peach was carrying before her abduction, flees to look for Mario before Kamek uses another spell to warp the castle away.

Peach's castle being lifted into space by Bowser.

Mario is awoken by the apricot-colored Luma on a small, grassy planet. Here, he meets other Lumas and Rosalina, a mysterious woman who acts as the protector of the galaxies and the mother of the Lumas. She tells Mario that her ship, the Comet Observatory, had its Power Stars stolen by Bowser. Without them, the Comet Observatory is unable to move through space. Rosalina asks him to reclaim her Power Stars and offers to help rescue Peach and defeat Bowser in exchange. To help him on his quest, Rosalina gives Mario the apricot-colored Luma, who grants Mario the ability to spin and travel through space. Together, they travel to various galaxies in opened domes to obtain Power Stars. Once a mission is completed in one galaxy, Mario collects a Power Star and unlocks the next mission. Most domes contain five galaxies. Once Mario has collected enough Power Stars, the next galaxy in the current dome is an enemy base, where the Grand Stars, which are larger and more powerful versions of Power Stars, would be in the possession of either Bowser or Bowser Jr. Rescuing a Grand Star unlocks the next dome, and when enough Power Stars are collected, the Comet Observatory is able to take Mario to the center of the universe.

Mario flying with Peach after rescuing her.

After arriving at and traversing through Bowser's brand new galaxy, Mario defeats him, retrieves the last Grand Star, and rescues Peach. Just as they are about to leave, however, a large sun in Bowser's near-complete galaxy undergoes a supernova and becomes a supermassive black hole, which begins pulling in everything in sight. The Lumas from the Comet Observatory, including the apricot-colored Luma, throw themselves into the black hole in order to neutralize it, and it soon evaporates in a massive explosion. Mario appears in front of Rosalina, who saves him from the cataclysm and tells him that this is not the end, but a new beginning for the universe, which repeats its cycle indefinitely and slightly different across each repetition.

Mario later awakens in the Mushroom Kingdom near Peach's Castle, where he witnesses the various friends and foes he met throughout his adventure celebrating together. He then notices Bowser and Peach lying next to him as they begin to stir. When he looks into the sky, he notices a newborn galaxy and hears Rosalina's words echoing in his mind. Mario stands up and exclaims, "Welcome! Welcome new galaxy!" as the camera pans out into space, revealing the reconstructed universe. After 120 Power Stars have been collected, a special cutscene plays after the staff roll: Rosalina thanks the player and says, "I will watch over you from beyond the stars," before flying off with the Comet Observatory. Alone in the rubble left by the supermassive black hole, an apricot-colored Luma appears behind a decrepit starship. This alludes to the idea of how the universe repeats itself. The events of the past will carry out anew, with the lost apricot Luma searching for its mother.

Gameplay

Mario navigating a level with Pull Stars, environmental objects controlled with the Star Pointer.

The player controls Mario, who platforms mainly on spherical planetoids, and he completes levels by collecting Power Stars. His jumping actions allow him to hop between platforms and stomp enemies. Most enemies that cannot be stomped on can be taken out or dazed with a spin, a move new to the series. Rather than performed with button inputs, shaking the Wii Remote makes Mario spin. In addition to taking out enemies, spinning makes Mario engage switches, parry certain attacks, skate on ice, throw held objects, and perform an extra small jump in the air. Several actions in Super Mario Galaxy are not strictly tied to button inputs and are instead performed by shaking, tilting, or rotating the remote. The game's camera organically pans across levels, but the player can manually angle it with . Pressing centers the camera behind Mario and pressing enters a first-person perspective.

There are scenarios in the game that change what button inputs do. In some missions, Mario rides on top of a Rolling Ball, surfs on the back of a manta ray, or travels through the air in a giant bubble. Power-ups change his appearance and give him a unique set of abilities in place of his usual ones (see below). While in water, Mario can swim. Pressing makes him dive. Pressing makes Mario perform a breaststroke, propelling him forward.

Artwork of Mario spinning.

Pointing the Wii Remote at the screen makes an on-screen reticle appear called the Star Pointer. It gives the player a way to engage with the game that is not tied to Mario. Passively moving the Star Pointer over Star Bits, small colorful objects, automatically collects them. Pressing fires a Star Bit from the pointer. There are non-playable characters called Hungry Lumas that transform into new levels when shot at with Star Bits - their source of food. Most enemies become dazed when shot by a Star Bit. Mario kicks a stunned enemy just by making contact with it, defeating it and releasing collectible Star Bits.

Mario's health is represented by a three-segemented life meter. Receiving damage removes one section, and losing all makes him lose a life. Collecting a Life Mushroom replenishes any lost health and adds a second health meter, giving Mario a total of six bars. If Mario is reduced to three bars again, the second meter permanently disappears and the effect of the Life Mushroom is lost. He does not take damage by falling from high areas, a departure from proceeding 3D games. While underwater, he gains an air meter that decreases and starts to deplete Mario's normal life meter when it hits zero.

Most levels are clusters of small planetary bodies with their own centers of gravity, causing Mario to organically bend around them as he moves or jumps. Not all planetary bodies are spherical, but they at least have rounded edges to compliment the concept. Planets with sharp edges only have one gravitational plane, like the courses in Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine. Mario will fall and lose a life if he jumps off the edges of these planets. Some planetoids are so close to each other that Mario can simply jump between them, but others are very distant. In most cases, he can reach them by using Launch Stars, yellow objects that fire Mario through the sky. The levels in the game can be accessed by domes scattered across the Comet Observatory, the game's hub world. For more detail on level structure, galaxies, and the hub, see "Locations" below.

Co-Star Mode

The game has a multiplayer mode called Co-Star Mode. Connecting a second Wii Remote allows another player (P2) to join in and assist the first one (P1) by controlling a second Star Pointer. There are a number of actions that are available only to the second player. When Co-Star Mode is active, "1P" appears below Player 1's Star Pointer, and "2P" appears below Player 2's Star Pointer to help differentiate between them. Like the first player, P2 can collect Star Bits and fire them at enemies to briefly stun them. When P2 directs their Star Pointer at Mario and presses , he performs a unique action called the Co-Star Super Jump. Combining both jump techniques can make Mario jump higher than when controlled with only one controller. This works in midair, but it can be done only once before the player touches a horizontal surface.

Luigi

Luigi about to race against Cosmic Luigi in Freezeflame Galaxy.

Completing "The Fate of the Universe" after 120 Power Stars have been collected allows the player to replay the entire game as Mario's brother, Luigi, who otherwise appears as a non-playable character that assists Mario. Luigi can jump higher than him but has worse traction, making him skid. He also runs slightly faster than Mario but takes longer to reach top speed. Luigi loses air faster while underwater and loses a chunk of air every time he spins underwater. Cosmic Luigi, one of the rival characters, is more challenging than Cosmic Mario, and Luigi receives twenty 1-Up Mushrooms from Princess Peach instead of Mario's usual five (although if Luigi's life counter is too high, he only receives five). Outside of these changes, the storyline is almost completely unchanged and even includes the original NPC Luigi, who will now react with confusion at seeing a copy of himself (although his height is marginally different). When the player collects 120 Power Stars and replays "The Fate of the Universe", Grand Finale Galaxy becomes available for both Mario and Luigi, allowing the 121st Power Star to be collected by each of them.

This mode is referred to by Rosalina as "another world". In the Japanese version, she describes it as the world where Mario may come across his alternate self who is not him.

Controls

When playing on a Wii or Wii U console by oneself (P1), the game requires one to use the Wii Remote attached to the Nunchuk. If the player attempts to access the game without the Nunchuk attached, it will prompt the player to do so before proceeding. One will not be able to access the rest of the game unless they do so. In Co-Star Mode, the second player (P2) is not required to have the Nunchuk attached to their Wii Remote but it still must be held vertically.

The controller for the Nvidia Shield TV has a more conventional layout, cannot display a pointer on screen, and lacks the same motion-sensing capabilities of the Wii Remote. To compensate, actions that originally involved shaking the Wii Remote are performed by pressing the X button. Actions involving the Star Pointer are instead performed with the right analog stick. In Co-Star Mode, both analog sticks can be used to control the Star Pointer. The original tilt controls in the game is also replaced by the regular left analog stick control.

For the control scheme of the iteration included in Super Mario 3D All-Stars for Nintendo Switch systems, click here.

Action(s)	Input(s)
	Wii Remote + Nunchuk	Nvidia Shield controller
Mario and Luigi controls
Move
Spin, engage object, throw object, skate	Shake
Kick	Make contact with stunned enemy
Jump, speak, read, swim
Double jump	when making contact with the ground while moving (repeat twice)	when making contact with the ground while moving (repeat twice)
Triple jump	when making contact with the ground while moving (repeat thrice)	when making contact with the ground while moving (repeat thrice)
Backward somersault	+	+
Wall jump	against a wall	against a wall
Side somersault	(in reverse direction) +	(in reverse direction) +
Long jump	+ while running	+ while running
Spin jump	Shake in midair	in midair
Ground pound	in midair	in midair
Homing ground pound	Shake + in midair	+ in midair
Grab or release pole	alongside a pole	alongside a pole
Crouch, dive underwater
Crawl	+	+
Sweep kick	+ shake	+
Move camera
Enter first-person view
Reset camera
Rolling ball	Tilt	Tilt
Ray surfing	+ tilt	+ tilt
Power-up controls
Hover in Bee form	Hold	Hold
Float in Boo form
Phase through walls in Boo form	Shake
Toss fireball in Fire form	Shake
Bounce in Spring form	when colliding with the ground	when colliding with the ground
Takeoff or ground in Flying form	Shake
Change direction in Flying form	while in flight	while in flight
Star Pointer controls
Collect a Star Bit	Move over a Star Bit	Move over a Star Bit
Shoot a Star Bit	+	+
Rapidly shoot Star Bits	+ hold	+ hold
Enter a Pull Star, blow air to direct bubble (P1 only)	+ hold	+ hold
Fire cannon (P1 only)	+	+
Fire from Sling Pod (P1 only)	Hold + pull back with → release	Hold + pull back with → release
Stop an enemy (P2 only)	Move over an enemy + hold	Move over an enemy + hold
Make Mario jump (P2 only)	Move over Mario +	Move over Mario +
Make Mario spin (P2 only)	Move over Mario while he is midair +	Move over Mario while he is midair +
Make Mario do a powerful jump (P2 only)	Move over Mario + while P1 presses	Move over Mario + while P1 presses
Menu controls
Navigate menu
Confirm command
Cancel command
Select galaxy
Display HOME menu
Display pause menu	/	/

Locations

Setting

Key artwork of outer space as presented on the game's boxart.

Rosalina netting Star Bits as she rides in a starship.

Super Mario Galaxy is set in outer space. With the exception of Grand Finale Galaxy, which is Princess Peach's Castle Gardens in the Mushroom Kingdom, all levels, which are referred to in the game as "galaxies", are staged on worlds far removed from Mario's home planet. This is the first entry in the series to explicitly include an outer space setting since the Space Zone in Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins (1992) and the first time it has been realized by Nintendo EAD, the studio responsible for most of the preceding Super Mario games.

A galaxy is an isolated cluster of small planets and other planetary bodies. Some planets are shaped like spheres, but many are not. Most have their own gravitational pull, which lets Mario return to his starting position by continuing to move forward and prevents him from falling off the edge. Mario's movement, physics, and trajectory bend organically around a planet's shape. Because they have their own pull, Mario can directly travel between sufficiently close planets just by jumping. More distant planets are reached by using objects such as Launch Stars and Pull Stars. Not all planets pull Mario inwards. When inside a planet, gravity may be inverted so that Mario walks on the underside of the ground. Many other planets are shaped like the more traditional courses of Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine, and thus have only one gravitational plane, which is communicated by sharp edges and steep drops along their sides. In contrast, planets that have their own gravity, even if they are not spheres, have rounded edges. Some planets are on 2D planes and Mario's movement options are restricted accordingly (i.e. the player cannot tilt down to make him walk toward the camera and fall off the side). Gravity fields occur in the 2D sections of five galaxies that shift the direction of gravity from the floor to another plane.

The theme of space is communicated in various ways throughout Super Mario Galaxy. Many galaxies include distant asteroid belts or views of massive, unreachable planets orbiting suns that peek over their horizons. Depending on the distance from the game's camera, the light from a visible sun retracts, mimicking the behavior of real sunlight. The skyboxes of the galaxies feature nebulas, auroras, and starry skies. Three-dimensional objects, including Mario himself, exhibit a soft Fresnel-like glow in certain positions as if struck by the light from distant stars. In many galaxies, black holes are present in place of bottomless pits. Super Mario Galaxy includes some motifs associated with science fiction, such as humanoid robots, fortified battle facilities, UFOs, starships, an orchestrated soundtrack, and theremin-like synthesizers. Much of the game's setting includes whimsical, tranquil, and surreal elements comparable to those found in children's books. Locations are reached via a palace-like starship called the Comet Observatory, the game's hub world. It is overseen by a princess named Rosalina and is a nursery for spacefaring star children called Lumas. In lieu of aliens, the people found living in the galaxies include Star Bunnies, Honeybees, and penguins. Star Bits, small collectibles that fall from the sky like shooting stars, resemble konpeitō candies and can be fed to the Lumas. There are planets and entire galaxies that look like desserts.

According to director Yoshiaki Koizumi, the primary goal behind Super Mario Galaxy was to create a Super Mario game with spherical worlds. It was thought that these worlds would make it less likely for players to get disoriented or have to reposition the camera. These were issues he observed during the development of Super Mario 64, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (1998), and Super Mario Sunshine that prevented complete immersion and intimidated inexperienced players. The decision to stage the game in outer space was made because the development team thought that the spherical worlds would most intuitively make sense as planets. In 2017, a figure was released by Nintendo that conveys that Super Mario Galaxy is structurally viewed as a different type of 3D Super Mario game from its immediate predecessors – the "sandbox-style" games Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine. Nintendo aligns it with the succeeding games Super Mario Galaxy 2 (2010), Super Mario 3D Land (2011), and Super Mario 3D World (2013) as a more linear, "course clear-style" game. However, many of the levels in Super Mario Galaxy are structured similarly to the ones in its predecessors, particularly in the robust six-mission galaxies and the large planets that do not have their own centers of gravity. The principals of the sandbox-style games derive from hakoniwa, or "box gardens", and Koizumi directly cites them as an influence behind the worlds in Super Mario Galaxy as well.

Galaxies

Overview

Main article: Galaxy

Top row: the exterior of the Terrace dome on the Comet Observatory (left) and a display of the galaxy-selection screen within it (right).
Bottom row: a figure of the Terrace's galaxies conveying their positioning from the Pull Star; how they are accessed; the correlations involving their distance from the Pull Star; and the three different types of galaxies within domes. These attributes generally are representative of all domes in the game.

Galaxies are accessed inside of domes on the Comet Observatory. They are spatially distributed across the hub, similar to the access points for levels in Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine. However, with the exception of the Garden, each dome contains a set of five different galaxies instead of just one dedicated course. Domes are unlocked unilaterally as the player completes certain criteria. These make the domes analogous to the worlds of the 2D Super Mario games like Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988). However, as in its 3D predecessors, the player is not restricted to linear course progression in Super Mario Galaxy.

Each galaxy contains objectives referred to as missions. Completing a mission has Mario acquire one of the galaxy's Power Stars, the same tokens used in Super Mario 64 for unlocking levels. One mission correlates with one Power Star. The start of each mission has a brief cinematic preview of the galaxy that hints at the location of the Power Star, as was similarly done in Super Mario Sunshine. Once a specified number of Power Stars has been accumulated, a new galaxy becomes unlockable at the player's discretion. Only half of the Power Stars in the game are required for progression. The minimum number of Power Stars needed to access the game's final level is 60 out of the game's total of 120. Consequently, completing as many missions as possible within one dome can result in all of the galaxies within the next dome being immediately unlockable upon entry.

At the center of every dome is a Pull Star that, upon being entered, brings Mario to an interactive selection screen of all the dome's galaxies, which all orbit around the Pull Star (the origin; see right). The display is directly comparable to models of solar systems, with each galaxy following a circular trajectory around the Pull Star. The distance of these orbital lines from the Pull Star has a positive correlation with the number of Power Stars required to unlock the galaxies and a negative correlation with the number of missions available within them. As such, the galaxies closest to the origin typically have the greatest number of missions and require the lowest number of Power Stars to unlock, while the galaxies furthest from the origin contain the fewest missions and require the highest number of Power Stars to unlock. Using the Terrace as an example, a dome contains three different types of galaxies:

• "Robust galaxies" that contain at least six missions. They either feature a high number of visitable planets or a small selection of large ones to explore. The missions build off of each other environmentally or narratively, meaning that the events that occur in one mission foreshadow the events of the subsequent mission. Two or more of the six missions typically involve a boss battle. Most domes contain two or three of these galaxies, and they are all listed together on the first page of the in-game Star List. They are the only galaxies orbited by Prankster Comets. The robust galaxies of the Terrace are Good Egg Galaxy and Honeyhive Galaxy.
• "Mystery galaxies" that each contain one mission. Before being unlocked, they are represented by course preview models shaped like ? Blocks. These galaxies are highly distinctive in theme and mission. Some of them entail minigames like ray surfing or ball rolling. Others are athletic obstacle courses. Mystery galaxies usually require completing a certain mission in another galaxy in addition to accumulating a specific number of Power Stars to unlock. Each dome contains one or two mystery galaxies. In the Terrace, they are Loopdeeloop Galaxy and Flipswitch Galaxy.
• Enemy bases that each contain one mission. They feature linear obstacle courses that lead to a boss battle. Half of them involve Bowser Jr., either directly or as the inciter for another boss (such as Megaleg or King Kaliente). The other half feature Bowser himself. With the exception of the Garden, each dome contains one enemy base and it is always on the dome's outermost ring. These galaxies have the highest or second-highest Power Star threshold, and completing the mission in these galaxies is a criterion needed to unlock a subsequent dome and is required for game progression. The preview model in orbit resembles a bust of Bowser's head with glowing eyes. The enemy base in the Terrace is Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor.

A Hungry Luma outside the Terrace, almost completely stuffed with Star Bits. Feeding it the requested number of Star Bits makes the Luma transform into a wholly new galaxy.

Certain galaxies can be accessed outside of the domes. With the exception of Gateway Galaxy, these ones can also be categorized as mystery galaxies or enemy bases. Most of them are unlocked by feeding Hungry Lumas a requested number of Star Bits. These Lumas appear on the Comet Observatory once certain criteria are met within the dome galaxies (as seen in the chart below). There is a Hungry Luma associated with every dome, essentially functioning as an extra level for each one. A tiny house called the Gate rests on a grassy platform orbiting the observatory. It grants Mario access to Gateway Galaxy. This galaxy is the first level of the game, but it can only be revisited via the Gate once "King Kaliente's Spicy Return" is completed. Though it is not a dome, there is a Hungry Luma associated with it as well. A planetoid called the Planet of Trials orbits the observatory and has three galaxies of its own. It becomes reachable once all three of the secret Green Power Stars have been collected. A Launch Star leading to Grand Finale Galaxy appears here after the player has collected 120 Power Stars as both Mario and Luigi. Bowser's Galaxy Reactor is only reachable by speaking to Rosalina after 60 Power Stars have been collected.

Mario encounters his brother in four galaxies: Good Egg Galaxy, Honeyhive Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, and Ghostly Galaxy. In Ghostly Galaxy, Luigi is at the end of the mission "Luigi and the Haunted Mansion" and gives Mario a Power Star when reached. After Luigi is rescued, he appears in the observatory and offers to help Mario collect Power Stars. Whenever Luigi visits a galaxy, he gets stuck and sends a letter to Mario asking for help, with each letter including a picture that hints at his location. Finding him within a galaxy awards Mario with a secret Power Star.

Chart

There are 42 dedicated galaxies in the game. Of this total, 15 are robust galaxies, 20 are mystery galaxies, and 6 are enemy bases. If the Comet Observatory, its library, and its domes are considered individual levels, then the true total number is 50. Some galaxies have tiny otherworldly subareas reached via pipes that contain an interactive side objective. If each of these areas were to be considered levels as well, then the true number is even higher. The chart below lists the galaxies of the game roughly as they are listed on the Star List. Each galaxy is given a brief description, an in-game screenshot, and a list of their missions. There is a legend at the bottom of the chart detailing what the symbols used in it represent.

Galaxies
The Terrace
01. Good Egg Galaxy ×6 ×19 ×3	Missions
	Dino Piranha	A Snack of Cosmic Proportions
	King Kaliente's Battle Fleet	Dino Piranha Speed Run
	Purple Coin Omelet	Luigi on the Roof
A galaxy in low orbit of an earth-like planet. Each planet is highly distinctive, but most of them have grassy knolls and are shaped like food. It introduces the reoccurring Electrogoombas and King Kaliente. Unlock criterion: complete "Grand Star Rescue"
02. Honeyhive Galaxy ×6 ×7 ×2	Missions
	Bee Mario Takes Flight	Trouble on the Tower
	Big Bad Bugaboom	Honeyhive Cosmic Mario Race
	The Honeyhive's Purple Coins	Luigi in the Honeyhive Kingdom
The Honeyhive Kingdom – a forested galaxy inhabited by Honeybees. Its planets have large trees and clear bodies of water. Some areas are covered in honey. The kingdom is invaded by Mandibugs. Unlock criterion: collect 3 Power Stars
03. Loopdeeloop Galaxy ×1 ×3	Mission
	Surfing 101
A looping stretch of water. Penguins surf on the backs of rays here. Coach explains the basics to Mario. Unlock criterion: collect 5 Power Stars
04. Flipswitch Galaxy ×1 ×1	Mission
	Painting the Planet Yellow
Flipswitch Panels arranged like a cube around a black hole. Spikes move along suspended tracks over the panels. Unlock criterion: collect 7 Power Stars
05. Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor ×1 ×2 ×1	Mission
	Megaleg's Moon
A metal sphere with Bill Blasters and an artificial moon orbiting an earth-like planet. Bowser Jr.'s robot, Megaleg, is on the moon. Unlock criterion: collect 8 Power Stars
Sweet Sweet Galaxy ×1 ×3	Mission
	Rocky Road
An athletic course made of cakes, cookies, and other sweets. It has long stretches of continuously moving platforms with shapes cut out of them. Unlock criteria: collect 7 Power Stars and feed the Hungry Luma 400 Star Bits
The Fountain
06. Space Junk Galaxy ×6 ×16 ×2	Missions
	Pull Star Path	Kamella's Airship Attack
	Tarantox's Tangled Web	Pull Star Path Speed Run
	Purple Coin Spacewalk	Yoshi's Unexpected Appearance
A stretch of rocks and space debris. Large portions of the galaxy are navigated via Pull Stars and Sling Pods. A giant spider lives here and traps members of the Toad Brigade in its web. Unlock criteria: collect 9 Power Stars and complete "Megaleg's Moon"
07. Rolling Green Galaxy ×1 ×4	Mission
	Rolling in the Clouds
Flat, grassy planets arranged like a golf course. They can only be navigated by riding the Rolling Ball. Most planets have flowerbeds and groups of Goombas. Unlock criterion: collect 11 Power Stars
08. Battlerock Galaxy ×7 ×11 ×2	Missions
	Battlerock Barrage	Breaking into the Battlerock
	Topmaniac and the Topman Tribe	Topmaniac's Daredevil Run
	Purple Coins on the Battlerock	Battlerock's Garbage Dump
	Luigi under the Saucer
A battle facility equipped with electric traps and artilleries. Cannons and Bill Blasters line the Battlerock and start firing when Mario is in close proximity. The galaxy introduces the Topman Tribe. Unlock criterion: collect 12 Power Stars
09. Hurry-Scurry Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	Shrinking Satellite
Shrinking platforms arranged into a rhombicuboctahedron. A black hole is at the center of the planet. Notes cover the tiles. Collecting each one causes the black hole to disappear. Unlock criterion: collect 18 Power Stars
10. Bowser's Star Reactor ×1 ×4 ×1	Mission
	The Fiery Stronghold
A stone fortress orbiting a giant sun. It features a twisting path and gravity fields. Fire Bars and Thwomps obstruct the path. It feeds into a big staircase leading to Bowser. Unlock criterion: collect 15 Power Stars
Sling Pod Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	A Very Sticky Situation
A cluster of Fire Bars, Space Mines, and cannons above a black hole. The galaxy is only traversable with Sling Pods. Unlock criteria: complete "Tarantox's Tangled Web" and feed the Hungry Luma 400 Star Bits
The Kitchen
11. Beach Bowl Galaxy ×6 ×3	Missions
	Sunken Treasure	Passing the Swim Test
	The Secret Undersea Cavern	Fast Foes on the Cyclone Stone
	Beachcombing for Purple Coins	Wall Jumping up Waterfalls
A beach galaxy inhabited by penguins. Its largest planet is a hemisphere filled with water. The second is an obstacle course with Thwomps and Tox Boxes. A third, secret planet has waterfalls and Cataquacks. Unlock criteria: collect 16 Power Stars and complete "The Fiery Stronghold"
12. Bubble Breeze Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	Through the Poison Swamp
One giant planet covered in toxic sludge. Areas are separated by stone columns. It can only be navigated in a bubble. Space Mines and rotating objects within the areas can pop the bubble. Unlock criterion: collect 19 Power Stars
13. Ghostly Galaxy ×6 ×12 ×2	Missions
	Luigi and the Haunted Mansion	A Very Spooky Sprint
	Beware of Bouldergeist	Bouldergeist's Daredevil Run
	Purple Coins in the Bone Pen	Matter Splatter Mansion
Decrepit planets orbiting a dimly-lit sun. Luigi is held captive in the largest planet, a haunted mansion. The ghost that captured him lives in this galaxy. Unlock criterion: collect 20 Power Stars
14. Buoy Base Galaxy ×2 ×2	Missions
	The Floating Fortress	The Secret of Buoy Base
Two planets filled with water. Its largest planet is a hemisphere with a fortress at its center. It is equipped with rotating platforms, Water Shooters, and other hazards. The second is a sphere equipped with Ball Beamers. Unlock criteria: collect 30 Power Stars and complete "Sunken Treasure"
15. Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada ×1 ×4 ×1	Mission
	Sinking the Airships
Bowser's airship fleet. Airships must be boarded to navigate the fleet, each one carrying enemies. A lift brings Mario to Bowser Jr. A tiny planetoid can be visited that has a bouncy surface. Unlock criterion: collect 23 Power Stars
Drip Drop Galaxy ×1 ×1	Mission
	Giant Eel Outbreak
An ocean planet where penguins swim. The birds are troubled by Gringills. A sunken airship and damaged Starshroom rest at the bottom of the ocean. Unlock criteria: complete "Sunken Treasure" and feed the Hungry Luma 600 Star Bits
The Bedroom
16. Gusty Garden Galaxy ×6 ×20 ×2	Missions
	Bunnies in the Wind	The Dirty Tricks of Major Burrows
	Gusty Garden's Gravity Scramble	Major Burrows's Daredevil Run
	Purple Coins on the Puzzle Cube	The Golden Chomp
Flowery planets above a sea of clouds. Floaty Fluffs grow here: they can be used to travel on gusts of wind to reach other planets. Star Bunnies live in this galaxy and grow flowers. They are chased by Undergrunts. Unlock criteria: collect 24 Power Stars and complete "Sinking the Airships"
17. Freezeflame Galaxy ×6 ×5 ×1	Missions
	The Frozen Peak of Baron Brrr	Freezeflame's Blistering Core
	Hot and Cold Collide	Frosty Cosmic Mario Race
	Purple Coins on the Summit	Conquering the Summit
A galaxy with cold and hot planets. The cold planet features Freezy Peak, a snowy mountain with freezing water at its base. The hot planet is a molten sphere split in half. Stone platforms enable traversal between the two halves. Unlock criterion: collect 26 Power Stars
18. Dusty Dune Galaxy ×7 ×14	Missions
	Soaring on the Desert Winds	Blasting through the Sand
	Sunbaked Sand Castle	Sandblast Speed Run
	Purple Coins in the Desert	Bullet Bill on Your Back
	Treasure of the Pyramid
Sandy planets under a desert sun. Shifting and rising sand makes platforms move rapidly or sink underground. One planet is a floating pyramid that can be entered, and some are covered in quicksand. Unlock criterion: collect 29 Power Stars
19. Honeyclimb Galaxy ×1 ×3	Mission
	Scaling the Sticky Wall
Giant slabs of honeycombs. The Bee Mushroom appears here. Meteors and Mandibugs appear as hazards. Unlock criterion: collect 42 Power Stars
20. Bowser's Dark Matter Plant ×1 ×5 ×1	Mission
	Darkness on the Horizon
A dark world containing a trap-filled obstacle course. It features gravity fields and concentrations of dark matter. Most of the course is on a two-dimensional plane. The course leads to Bowser. Unlock criterion: collect 33 Power Stars
Bigmouth Galaxy ×1 ×1	Mission
	Bigmouth's Gold Bait
A giant stone fish orbiting a massive ocean planet. The belly of the fish contains two lakes, whirlpools, beds of seaweed, and Boos. Penguru comes here when he wants to be alone. Unlock criteria: complete "Soaring on the Desert Winds" and feed the Hungry Luma 800 Star Bits
The Engine Room
21. Gold Leaf Galaxy ×6 ×6 ×1	Missions
	Star Bunnies on the Hunt	Cataquack to the Skies
	When It Rains, It Pours	Cosmic Mario Forest Race
	Purple Coins in the Woods	The Bell on the Big Tree
Wooded planets inhabited by Honeybees. Its largest planet mirrors the Honeyhive Kingdom. Cataquacks live on the surrounding wooden planets. Unlock criteria: collect 34 Power Stars and complete "Darkness on the Horizon"
22. Sea Slide Galaxy ×6 ×3	Missions
	Going after Guppy	Faster Than a Speeding Penguin
	The Silver Stars of Sea Slide	Underwater Cosmic Mario Race
	Purple Coins by the Seaside	Hurry, He's Hungry
An ocean galaxy with penguins. Its largest planet is a cavernous sphere with a looping stretch of water feeding through it. There is a teardrop-shaped planet with tidal pools at the galaxy's center. Unlock criterion: collect 36 Power Stars
23. Toy Time Galaxy ×6 ×14 ×1	Missions
	Heavy Metal Mecha-Bowser	Mario Meets Mario
	Bouncing Down Cake Lane	Fast Foes of Toy Time
	Luigi's Purple Coins	The Flipswitch Chain
A playroom galaxy. Its planets are shaped like wooden blocks, puzzle pieces, colored pencils, and model trains. Some areas resemble cakes and other sweets. The galaxy is maintained by Gearmos, some of which are trapped within a giant robot. Unlock criterion: collect 40 Power Stars
24. Bonefin Galaxy ×1 ×2 ×1	Mission
	Kingfin's Fearsome Waters
A cavernous planet with conical mountains. Beneath its surface is an ocean with hydrothermal vents. The shark Kingfin swims here. Unlock criteria: collect 55 Power Stars and complete "Giant Eel Outbreak"
25. Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor ×1 ×3 ×1	Mission
	King Kaliente's Spicy Return
A lava planet that looks like a red giant. Metal platforms dot the planet's surface. They sink into the lava when stepped on. King Kaliente is in the northern pole of the planet. A rocky planetoid orbits the lava planet. Unlock criterion: collect 45 Power Stars
Sand Spiral Galaxy ×1 ×4	Mission
	Choosing a Favorite Snack
A galaxy with several power-ups. Its biggest planet is a giant barrel filled with Boos and quicksand. A glowing moon orbited by rocky paths lies at the back of the barrel. Its starting planet is a damaged airship. Unlock criteria: complete "Luigi and the Haunted Mansion", "Faster Than a Speeding Penguin", and feed the Hungry Luma 1000 Star Bits
The Garden
26. Deep Dark Galaxy ×6 ×6 ×3	Missions
	The Underground Ghost Ship	Bubble Blastoff
	Guppy and the Underground Lake	Ghost Ship Daredevil Run
	Plunder the Purple Coins	Boo in a Box
A galaxy of strange planets. Its largest has a rocky beach with an underwater lake and a wrecked airship. Other planets include a replica of Gateway Galaxy and a hollow sphere containing a watermelon. Unlock criteria: collect 46 Power Stars and complete "King Kaliente's Spicy Return"
27. Dreadnought Galaxy ×6 ×15 ×2	Missions
	Infiltrating the Dreadnought	Dreadnought's Colossal Cannons
	Revenge of the Topman Tribe	Topman Tribe Speed Run
	Battlestation's Purple Coins	Dreadnought's Garbage Dump
Topman facilities. Its largest planet is a dreadnought equipped with cannons. Its interior contains gravity fields. A large landing strip mounted with Pulse Beams and smaller planetoids surround the dreadnought. Unlock criterion: collect 48 Power Stars
28. Matter Splatter Galaxy ×1 ×4	Mission
	Watch Your Step
Stone ruins within a dark void. The ruins materialize and become tangible when struck by bouncing droplets of matter. Contact is accompanied by a flash of green light. Unlock criteria: collect 50 Power Stars and complete "Heavy Metal Mecha-Bowser"
29. Melty Molten Galaxy ×6 ×14 ×1	Missions
	The Sinking Lava Spire	Through the Meteor Storm
	Fiery Dino Piranha	Lava Spire Daredevil Run
	Red-Hot Purple Coins	Burning Tide
Several sun-like planets covered in lava. Volcanic debris travels between lava pools and suns at various sites. One planet has a sinking mountain called the Lava Spire, and another has a path for the Rolling Ball. Unlock criterion: collect 52 Power Stars
Snow Cap Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	Star Bunnies in the Snow
A capsule-shaped planet covered in light snow. The snow can be removed with the Star Pointer. Star Bunnies live here. The starting area is a planetoid resembling a glass orb. Unlock criterion: complete "The Sinking Lava Spire" and feed the Hungry Luma 1600 Star Bits
The Comet Observatory and the Gate
30. Gateway Galaxy ×2 ×4	Missions
	Grand Star Rescue	Gateway's Purple Coins
The first course of the game. Its starting planet is an ethereal sphere covered in flowers and small cottages. This sphere orbits Mario's homeworld and is frequented by Rosalina. A hollow planetoid and artificial planets covered with Goombas appear in "Grand Star Rescue". Unlock criteria: complete the prologue (first visit); complete "King Kaliente's Spicy Return" (revisit)
31. Bowser's Galaxy Reactor ×1 ×10 ×1	Mission
	The Fate of the Universe
Bowser's galaxy generator at the center of the universe. It contains a series of gravity-bending traps and a system of environmental planets: one covered in lava; one in ice; and one in quicksand. It orbits a large sun. Unlock criteria: collect 60 Power Stars and complete "Darkness on the Horizon"
Boo's Boneyard Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	Racing the Spooky Speedster
A skull-shaped planet in a starless sky. Its interior is a network of interconnected caverns navigated by the Spooky Speedster. Unlock criteria: complete "Luigi and the Haunted Mansion", "Gateway's Purple Coins", and feed the Hungry Luma 1200 Star Bits
Planet of Trials
Rolling Gizmo Galaxy ×1 ×4	Mission
	Gizmos, Gears, and Gadgets
One of the Trial Galaxies. It is a Rolling Ball course similar to Rolling Green Galaxy, but it resembles a Rube Goldberg machine with many shifting platforms. Unlock criterion: collect all 3 Green Power Stars
Bubble Blast Galaxy ×1 ×2	Mission
	The Electric Labyrinth
Another Trial Galaxy, this one navigated via bubble. It is similar to Bubble Breeze Galaxy, but involves navigating a maze bordered by electric fields that destroy the bubble on impact. Unlock criterion: collect all 3 Green Power Stars
Loopdeeswoop Galaxy ×1 ×6	Mission
	The Galaxy's Greatest Wave
A Trial Galaxy similar to Loopdeeloop Galaxy, where Ray is surfed along a watery course. This course has sharper turns, spikes, and twists that makes it more challenging than its predecessor in the Terrace. Unlock criterion: collect all 3 Green Power Stars
Grand Finale Galaxy ×1 ×1	Mission
	The Star Festival
Princess Peach's Castle Gardens in the Mushroom Kingdom. A small village of Toads and a large lake flank the road to the castle. The locals are in the midst of celebrating the Star Festival. Unlock criteria: begin a new save file (first visit); collect 120 Power Stars as Luigi (revisit)
Level chart information and legend: Galaxies accessed from inside a dome are designated with a unique number that correlates with the galaxy's distance from its dome's origin, with smaller numbers being closer and larger numbers farther. It very roughly correlates with how galaxies are listed within the game's Star List. Galaxies accessed by feeding Hungry Lumas are not located within domes and are denoted by . Trial Galaxies lack numerical designation because they are unlocked concurrently and can be accessed in any order. Three symbols convey attributes about each galaxy: denotes the total number of obtainable Power Stars; denotes the total number of reachable planets and/or areas; and denotes the number of boss battles. The name of each mission is accompanied by a symbol that indicates what type of mission it is and the type of Power Star obtained. denotes a normal mission; denotes a Grand Star mission; denotes a Green Power Star mission; denotes a red Power Star mission; denotes a Speedy Comet mission; denotes a Daredevil Comet mission; denotes a Cosmic Comet mission; denotes a Fast-Foe Comet mission; denotes a Purple Comet mission; and denotes an intramissionary Secret Star.

Prankster Comets

Main article: Prankster Comet

Prankster Comets are objects that interfere with a galaxy by either altering its attributes or giving it a new one. All 30 of the Comet Stars are obtained by completing special missions in the robust galaxies, namely speed runs, in which the Power Star must be reached within a given time limit; "daredevil" runs, in which Mario is defeated if he takes a single hit; races against Cosmic Mario; and missions in which the speed of enemies and obstacles is doubled. These only appear after the corresponding normal mission (e.g. Ghostly Galaxy's "Beware of Bouldergeist") is completed, either immediately or at a later point in the game. In some cases, such as in Space Junk Galaxy, all normal missions within a galaxy must first be completed before a comet can appear. Prankster Comets appear and disappear every other time a mission is completed, meaning that if a mission is completed while a Prankster Comet is active, all Prankster Comets disappear until a second mission is beaten. There are two Prankster Comets in each of the 15 robust galaxies: one of the comet types just described, plus a Purple Comet where Mario must collect 100 Purple Coins. These comets only begin to appear after "The Fate of the Universe" is completed at least once. The location and selection of Prankster Comets that appear can be manipulated by feeding Comet Tico 20 Star Bits.

The Comet Observatory

Main article: Comet Observatory

The Comet Observatory as viewed from a circular platform by the Bedroom.

The Comet Observatory is the hub world of the game. It is a bridge between domes and serves as a place for the player to rest in between missions. It is a sprawling structure similar to a palace, with a tall central spire and ornamental architecture. These attributes visually make it reminiscent of Princess Peach's Castle, the hub of Super Mario 64. The core of the observatory is a comet called the beacon that is fueled by Power Stars. The beacon is what allows the Comet Observatory to travel through space, but it remains in orbit around Mario's home planet throughout most of the game. The observatory has two extraplanetary satellites: the Planet of Trials and a grassy platform that holds the Gate. The platform is directly anchored to the observatory via Warp Pads, unlike the Planet of Trials.

Including Gateway Galaxy, there are nine galaxies that can be directly accessed from the Comet Observatory, six of which come from the Hungry Lumas affiliated with each dome. Unlike the hub worlds of Super Mario Galaxy's predecessors, there are no hidden Power Stars directly found on the observatory, though accessing the Planet of Trials, entering the Gate, and the arrival of Hungry Lumas are framed similarly. Five 1-Up Mushrooms are hidden in the observatory. Most of the observatory is obscured by darkness when Mario first arrives due to the abduction of its Power Stars, leaving the Terrace as the only accessible room. As Mario collects Power Stars, energy is restored to the observatory and new areas become lit to convey that they are now accessible. Throughout the Comet Observatory are several Warp Pads, which can be used to quickly reach adjacent locations on the hub. A Red Star appears above the Bedroom once Mario completes "Gateway's Purple Coins". Touching it transforms him into Flying Mario and allows him to freely soar through the skies of the observatory. Mario cannot take damage while on the observatory and is safely returned to solid ground if he falls off its edge.

Frame from the introductory cutscene that plays when Mario enters the library after a new chapter has been unlocked.

The Comet Observatory is a nursery ground for Lumas, who are cared for by Rosalina and treated as if they were her children. As light is restored to the observatory, more and more Lumas appear. The Comet Observatory was built by Rosalina during her childhood with an apricot-colored Luma. Over time, as more Lumas arrived and needed care, she expanded its size. The Comet Observatory visits Mario's home world once every hundred years, which is celebrated in the Mushroom Kingdom as the Star Festival. When the beacon is at its maximum size, Rosalina can make the observatory fold into the shape of a rocket ship and soar through the space like a comet. The domes are framed as an extension of the observatory that provide a view of the cosmos. Each one is themed around rooms in a house, such as a bedroom, kitchen, and so on. There are two locations similar in concept that are not domes on the observatory: the garage and the library. The garage is framed as an intergalactic repair shop that starships can dock to. This is where the Toad Brigade and Luigi establish themselves once "Bee Mario Takes Flight" and "Luigi and the Haunted Mansion", respectively, are completed.

The library is a closed off space behind the beacon that becomes accessible once "The Fiery Stronghold" is completed. Although it is entered like a dome, the library does not contain any galaxies or tangible incentives for visiting it, and as such, the player is never required to enter it. This is where Rosalina reads a storybook to the Lumas. New chapters become available as Mario collects more Power Stars. The book details her personal backstory, the history of the Comet Observatory, and provides insight into the past of the apricot-colored Luma that travels with Mario. This part of the game was created by Yoshiaki Koizumi and included at the discretion of Shigeru Miyamoto. While Miyamoto considers complex narrative elements to be extraneous for a Super Mario game, Koizumi believes they help the player foster an emotional resonance with the game that keeps them motivated. In his view, the optional storybook chapters do this without burdening disinterested players, as well as contextualize the game's premise. Rosalina's Story is noted for its heartfelt and melancholy elements. The illustrations on the pages and narrative themes of the story have been likened to The Little Prince.

Characters

Playable characters

Name	Description
Mario	The game's protagonist. Princess Peach invites him to her castle to celebrate the Star Festival, but the celebration is cut short when Bowser arrives and kidnaps her. After a failed rescue attempt, Mario winds up on a tiny planet far from home. It is here that he meets an apricot-colored Luma and his caretaker - the mysterious Rosalina. With the Luma giving him the power to travel through space, Mario sets off to collect Power Stars, rescue Princess Peach, and stop Bowser from creating his galaxy at the center of the universe.
Luigi	Mario's younger twin brother. The player can replay the game as Luigi after they have collected 120 Power Stars and completed "The Fate of the Universe" as Mario. He can jump higher and run faster than Mario, but at the cost of poorer acceleration and traction. This causes Luigi to skid as he moves, thus increasing the risk of him falling off of a platform or colliding with an obstacle. In addition, the Spin Jump's height difference between shaking the Wii Remote and Nunchuk is switched. He otherwise appears as a supporting character who goes on quests to locate Power Stars for his brother. He still fulfills this supporting role during Luigi's playthrough, leading to a situation where there are two of them. Luigi can be quite cowardly and is afraid of ghosts.

Non-playable characters

With the exception of Princess Peach, Toads, and penguins, all of the characters encountered by the player are completely new to the Super Mario franchise. Most characters are met within galaxies, although Rosalina, the Toad Brigade, and the Lumas are found on the Comet Observatory. In addition to the characters listed below, Yoshi has a cameo in Space Junk Galaxy and can be set as the file select icon for the player's saved file. Miis can also be set as the file select icon, marking their first appearance in a Super Mario game.

Some non-playable characters can be spoken to by pressing while in close proximity, but many will share a brief line of dialogue when Mario is near without prompting. These lines appear as text boxes above their heads and do not inhibit the player's movements. Almost all characters can be jumped on or spun, and will react accordingly. However, this does not harm them or change how they interact with Mario. Some characters, such as Toads, seem to enjoy being spun.

Name	Description	Locations
Apricot Luma	Mario's traveling companion – a young Luma who resides under his cap. He grants Mario the ability to spin and travel through space. Before being kidnapped, Princess Peach intended to give this Luma to Mario as a gift during the Star Festival. It is implied that he is a reincarnation of the first Luma that Rosalina ever encountered.	All galaxies
Princess Peach	The ruler of the Mushroom Kingdom. She is kidnapped by Bowser on the night of the Star Festival and taken to the center of the universe, leading to Mario's quest to save her. She periodically sends letters of encouragement to Mario that contain five 1-Up Mushrooms. She sends letters containing twenty 1-Up Mushrooms during Luigi's playthrough, but they specifically remain addressed to Mario. Rosalina refers to Peach as Mario's "special one".	Castle Gardens, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Rosalina	A mysterious woman who serves as the guardian of the cosmos. She travels through space in the Comet Observatory, a vessel she built for the Lumas. It is abruptly stopped and stripped of its power source, the Power Stars, by Bowser, leaving it stranded in space. When she meets Mario, they make an arrangement where he will collect Power Stars to restore power to the observatory. In exchange, Rosalina will help him stop Bowser and rescue Princess Peach. Her past is revealed to the player via Rosalina's Story as they accumulate Power Stars. The Lumas recognize Rosalina as their mother, who in turn sees them as her family.	Comet Observatory, Gateway Galaxy
Lumas	Star children that make their home in the Comet Observatory. Lumas appear in some galaxies to aid Mario, typically by transforming into Launch Stars, Sling Stars, and Pull Stars. Lumas become celestial bodies when they grow up, and which ones they become is dependent on their color. Lumas eat Star Bits and squeal with delight when fed via the Star Pointer.	Comet Observatory, Good Egg Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser's Star Reactor, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Gateway Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Polari	An elderly Luma who serves as Rosalina's advisor. He appears within each dome of the observatory and grants access to the map when prompted. He teaches the player how to use the Star Pointer.	Comet Observatory
Hungry Lumas	Big Lumas. The ones on the Comet Observatory transform into galaxies when fed a specified number of Star Bits. When encountered in dome galaxies, they transform into planets. Visiting them triggers a hidden mission.	Comet Observatory, Good Egg Galaxy, Space Junk Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy
Lumalees	Big Lumas that run Luma Shops. One typically proceeds a boss encounter and transforms into a mushroom of choice in exchange for thirty Star Bits.	Battlerock Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Melty Molten Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Comet Tico	A Hungry Luma that is knowledgeable about Prankster Comets. It provides details on these comets to the player when prompted. Alternatively, it can shift where a Prankster Comet appears in exchange for twenty Star Bits.	Comet Observatory
Toads	Denizens of the Mushroom Kingdom. They are mushroom people that come in a variety of colors. Toads are celebrating the Star Festival when Peach is abducted. Pink-capped Toads in red dresses appear in the prologue that look like Toadette.	Castle Gardens, Grand Finale Galaxy
The Toad Brigade	A five-member team of Toads looking for Princess Peach. They travel through space in search of Power Stars aboard their Starshrooms, mushroom-shaped starships built for them by the Lumas. Outside of the red-capped leader and purple-capped mail carrier, the brigade contains three other Toads: a knowledgeable blue Toad who typically provides information on an area of interest; a green Toad who carries a pickaxe and constructs cannons for Mario; and a sleepy yellow Toad.	Comet Observatory, Honeyhive Galaxy, Sweet Sweet Galaxy, Space Junk Galaxy, Hurry-Scurry Galaxy, Bubble Breeze Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Freezeflame Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Toad Brigade Captain	The captain of the Toad Brigade. This red Toad self-designated himself as the brigade captain and typically sends his teammates into dangerous situations without his direct involvement. According to the blue Toad, the captain is the most cowardly member of the team.	All galaxies that feature the Toad Brigade
Mailtoad	A member of the Toad Brigade who runs a postal service for Mario on the Comet Observatory, delivering mail from Princess Peach or Luigi. He also periodically sends his own letters to the player through the Wii Message Board. When out on missions with the brigade, the Mailtoad is not carrying his satchel and sometimes wears a snorkel.	All galaxies that feature the Toad Brigade
Star Bunnies	Spacefaring rabbits that like to play and typically award Mario a Power Star for catching them. The Star Bunnies of Gusty Garden Galaxy like to garden and are hunted by Undergrunts. Some Star Bunnies are Lumas in disguise. Unlike them, the real rabbits often end their sentences with "boiyoing" or wear vests.	Gateway Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Snow Cap Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Honeybees	Bee people that collect honey and teach Mario how to use his Bee form. Most Honeybees are members of the Honeyhive Kingdom and are in the midst of a dispute with Mandibugs. The bees of Gold Leaf Galaxy keep Cataquacks as pets.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Queen Bee	The ruler of the Honeyhive Kingdom. She has a large body that can be clung to by the player while in their Bee form. When she meets Mario for the first time, she mistakes him for a physician and asks him to take care of an "itchiness" for her.	Honeyhive Galaxy
Boards	Talking boards that explain unique mechanics to Mario, with each board covering a different topic: Gil Board teaches Mario how to Wall Jump; Bill Board teaches him how to use the Rolling Ball; Phil Board teaches him how to use the Bubble; and Jill Board reminds him how to use his Boo form.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Rolling Green Galaxy, Bubble Breeze Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Boo's Boneyard Galaxy, Rolling Gizmo Galaxy, Bubble Blast Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Ray	The manta ray that Mario surfs on during ray surfing. Safely reaching the finish line within a specified time limit awards Mario with a Power Star.	Loopdeeloop Galaxy, Loopdeeswoop Galaxy
Penguins	Flightless birds who love to swim. Some penguins share swimming techniques with Mario when prompted, while others try to play with him. Most penguins are young and slightly shorter than Mario, while the two adult penguins, Coach and Penguru, tower over him. The penguin in Freezeflame Galaxy calls Mario an "old man" and challenges him to a race.	Loopdeeloop Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Drip Drop Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Loopdeeswoop Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Coach	A big penguin who has a paternal disposition and teaches the young penguins how to swim. Coach is the host of the ray surfing minigame and gives Mario a tutorial on how to move Ray.	Loopdeeloop Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Loopdeeswoop Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Penguru	An elderly penguin who likes to fish. While he oversees young penguins, he prefers spending time by himself.	Drip Drop Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Penguin Racers	A four-member swimming team. While most penguins are blue, each member of this team is a different color. Mario can compete with them when he talks to the red-colored leader. This penguin awards Mario a Power Star for outswimming them.	Sea Slide Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Gearmos	Maintenance robots. Gearmos can be found upkeeping battle stations affiliated with the Topman Tribe, but they themselves are not enemies. The Gearmos of Toy Time Galaxy teach the player how to use their Spring form. An overworked Gearmo hosts Bob-omb Blasting, while another helps maintain the Comet Observatory's Engine Room. One Gearmo in Battlerock Galaxy refers to herself as an "iron old lady".	Comet Observatory, Battlerock Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Grand Finale Galaxy
Worm	A giant caterpillar with its own gravitational pull that enables Mario to walk along its body. It lives inside one of the apple-shaped planets in Gusty Garden Galaxy, where Ground Pounding a stump forces the worm to the surface and tunnel into the next nearest planet. This creates a permanent bridge between them.	Gusty Garden Galaxy
Spooky Speedster	An Atomic Boo who challenges Mario to a race when prompted. He begrudgingly gives Mario a Power Star if he reaches the finish line before him. When Mario races him in "A Very Spooky Sprint", he must use Pull Stars to reach the goal. In "Racing the Spooky Speedster", he is in his Boo form.	Ghostly Galaxy, Boo's Boneyard Galaxy
Guppy	An orca who bullies the Penguin Racers. He only relents if Mario can complete his eight-ring swim challenge, as well as award him a Power Star. Unlike most other characters, Guppy cannot be jumped on and knocks Mario back if touched, although this does not cause damage.	Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy
Cosmic Mario	An entity that resembles Mario and mirrors his abilities. He challenges him to a footrace to a Power Star when a Cosmic Comet is in orbit during Mario's playthrough. Making contact with Cosmic Mario during the race makes him release Star Bits.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy
Cosmic Luigi	An entity that resembles Luigi. Like Cosmic Mario, he only appears when a Cosmic Comet is in orbit during Luigi's playthrough. Unlike Cosmic Mario, Cosmic Luigi makes more frequent use of shortcuts and Long Jumps, making him a more challenging opponent.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy

Enemies and obstacles

Roughly ninety enemies are in Super Mario Galaxy. Including bosses and obstacles, there are over one hundred. Most enemies drop coins if stomped on or Star Bits if spun into. If an enemy actively tracks Mario, it will usually stop moving for a moment after successfully causing damage, allowing the player time to recover before responding. Some enemies, such as Piranha Plants, laugh at Mario when they successfully land a hit.

About fifty of the enemies and varieties in Super Mario Galaxy are wholly new to the series. Some of them are incorporated into subsequent Super Mario games or have inspired staple elements. Notable groups include: octopus creatures called Electrogoombas, of which several varieties fire rocks; mechanical, spinning enemies called Topmen; and stationary enemies that discharge rings of electricity called Pulse Beams. Some of the new enemies are derivative of creatures that appeared in earlier Super Mario games in both design and behavior. Some of them even resemble recurring enemies in The Legend of Zelda series, such as bats (which resemble Keese) and the Electrogoombas (which resemble Octoroks). The Japanese name for Rocto directly derives from the name "Octorok".

Super Mario Galaxy makes use of the Super Mario series' back catalog of enemies. This game represents the first instance that some of these enemies were ever integrated into a 3D platformer. There are enemies in Super Mario Galaxy that, with the exception of re-releases or remakes, never appeared outside of their debut titles. The enemies that are incorporated contrast greatly with the ones in the previous 3D Super Mario game, a title that made a conservative use of past enemies and introduced ones that largely never appeared again.

New enemies

Name	Description	Locations	Spoils
Ball Beamer	Stationary enemies that discharge wide-range shockwaves on the surface of spherical planets. The shockwaves damage Mario on contact and are discharged in consistent, three-part intervals that can be timed. Most Ball Beamers lack interactive components, but there is one in Buoy Base Galaxy with a gold screw on its top. Spinning the screw disengages the Ball Beamer and opens up the metal planet it is fastened to.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy
Bat	Bats roost in caves and swoop down to attack Mario. They pause and laugh if they land a hit. They can be defeated with a spin or stomp.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy	×1 ×3
Bomb Boo	Explosive Boos. Unlike normal Boos, Bomb Boos do not cower when Mario looks at them and move directly towards him on sight. Spinning near a Bomb Boo causes Mario to grab onto its tongue and swing it like a lasso. It detonates if it is swung into an object or wall. If Mario does not release the Bomb Boo, it is pulled in closer and damages him. Bomb Boos are conjured by Bouldergeist and can be used to destroy the boss's stone armor.	Ghostly Galaxy	None
Bone Twister	Whirlwinds that move along set paths. They trap Mario when they make contact, but this does not harm him. Mario is propelled high into the air like a bamboo-copter if he spins while trapped inside. Some Bone Twisters carry jagged rocks that damage Mario if he makes contact.	Dusty Dune Galaxy
Bonefin	Undead sharks. They appear during the boss fight with Kingfin, who summons them from a hydrothermal vent as he accumulates damage. They lock-on and launch towards Mario when he comes in close proximity to them. Bonefins can be defeated by leading them to the water's surface or by striking them with a shell. All Bonefins disappear when Kingfin is defeated.	Bonefin Galaxy	×7
Clampy	A giant clam that opens and closes its mouth. Star Chips or coins can be found inside it. Snapping shut with Mario inside damages him.	Beach Bowl Galaxy
Cluckboom	Plurp-like enemies that lay explosive eggs. They fly in set paths, fluttering back and forth. Cluckbooms fall to the ground if shot by a Star Bit, leaving them open to attack.	Dusty Dune Galaxy	×1 ×3
Crabber (Blue)	Sidestepping crabs that scuttle away from Mario. Crabbers have hard shells that protect them from jumps and spins head-on, but their fleshy rears are exposed and can be struck. Blue Crabbers bury themselves underground in an attempt to escape and resurface shortly after.	Dusty Dune Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×1
Crabber (Red)	Red Crabbers actively pursue Mario but move slowly.	Dusty Dune Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×3
Electrogoomba	Goomba-like octopus creatures. They sidestep back and forth along a set path and keep their eyes locked onto Mario when he is nearby. If in close proximity, they attempt to strike him with the hair-like protrusion on their heads. Electrogoombas can be defeated with a spin or a stomp.	Good Egg Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Toy Time Galaxy	×1 ×3
Eye Beamer	Mechanical eyes that are suspended in the air. They shoot electric beams that damage Mario on contact. Some Eye Beamers move while others are stationary. The back of Eye Beamers is undamaging and flat: they can be stood on and used as platforms.	Dusty Dune Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Fire Shooter	Mounted flamethrowers that shoot streams of fire. The flames recede in set intervals that can be timed.	Bowser's Star Reactor, Toy Time Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bubble Blast Galaxy
Flipbug	When Mario is in close proximity, Flipbugs try to fly away before tiring out and falling to the ground, flailing their legs. If spotted in his Bee form, they pursue him.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	×1 ×3
Giant Gringill	Large Gringills restricted to underwater caves. They snap towards Mario if he approaches the mouth of their caves. They move more slowly than normal-sized Gringills.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy	×1
Giant prickly plant	Like normal-sized prickly plants, giant prickly plants damage Mario on contact and can only be destroyed via indirect means. Airborne ones appear in Gusty Garden Galaxy.	Good Egg Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy	×7 ×1
Golden Chomp	A rolling Chomp made of gold. It can only be destroyed by Mario if he collides with it in his Rainbow form.	Gusty Garden Galaxy	×1
Goombeetle	Helmet-wearing Goombas that cannot be stomped. Spinning one flips it upside down, exposing its unprotected underside.	Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor, Battlerock Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1
Gringill	Big conger eel enemies. Gringills lunge at Mario if he approaches the mouth of their caves. They can only be defeated by projectile shells. In some instances, they can be found swimming in open water.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Drip Drop Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×7
Ground Urchin	Red Urchins found in hot areas. When Mario draws near, they protract their spines and roll towards him. Ground Urchins can only be defeated by fire and lava. There is a box-like stone sculpture in Freezeflame Galaxy that continuously expels these Urchins.	Freezeflame Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy	×5
Ice bat	White bats. Making direct contact freezes Mario. They can only be damaged by fire.	Freezeflame Galaxy	×3
Ice Bubble	Floating ice enemies that freeze Mario on contact. Spinning near them neutralizes their icy cloud and forces them to the ground, leaving them vulnerable to being kicked. Neutralized Ice Bubbles propel themselves towards the nearest pool of freezing water to regenerate their cloud.	Freezeflame Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy	×1
Jam-o'-War	Large Jammyfish that idly float in place and electrocute Mario if touched. Jam-o'-Wars are defeated when they are hit by a shell twice. The first strike turns them green.	Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×1
Jammyfish	Jellyfish that swim in schools along a set path. They damage Mario on contact but do not actively pursue him.	Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×1
Li'l Cinder	Floating fire enemies that burn Mario on contact. Spinning near them extinguishes their flame and leaves them vulnerable to being kicked. Extinguished Li'l Cinders hop towards the nearest pool of lava to reignite.	Freezeflame Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy	×1
Mandibug	Stink bug-like enemies. They charge towards Mario after making visual contact, snapping their jaws. They can be defeated with a Ground Pound. A Mandibug trembles if Mario stands on its back but eventually shake him off.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Honeyclimb Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	×3
Meteor	Fiery space rocks. Bowser shoots them out of his mouth to destroy the big staircase in Bowser's Star Reactor, and Bowser Jr. fires them from the cannons in his airship in Bowser's Galaxy Reactor. They otherwise appear raining from the sky in lava-themed galaxies.	Bowser's Star Reactor, Honeyclimb Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Melty Molten Galaxy, Gateway Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor	None
Mikey Mine	Naval mines that bob up and down on chains. Mikey Mines keep their eyes shut unless Mario is in close proximity. They regenerate after detonating.	Deep Dark Galaxy	None
Mini Chomp	Little Chomps that roll out of doghouses. Mini Chomps cannot be damaged directly: they are only destroyed once all nearby Flipswitch Panels are activated.	Dreadnought Galaxy	×3
Monty	Bandana-wearing moles that sit in hatches and throw wrenches at Mario. They close and hide in the hatch if he approaches them. Montys can be stunned by Ground Pounding the earth near them or by dazing them with a Star Bit, leaving them vulnerable to attack.	Battlerock Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1 ×3
Octoguy	Red Electrogoombas that shuffle backward from Mario when approached. They periodically stop to spit a rock at him and can be defeated with a spin or jump.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy	×1 ×3
Pokeyplant	A red Pokey. It shimmies away from Mario while attempting to slam its head onto him. The Pokeyplant can be defeated by destroying each of its body segments, or by stomping on its head from above. If reduced to just a head, it attempts to flee.	Dusty Dune Galaxy	×7
Prickly plant	Plants with needle-like flowers that damage Mario on contact. Destroying them without a power-up usually requires striking them with another object, such as a coconut or rubbery bulb.	Good Egg Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Gateway Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor	×1 ×3 ×1
Pulse Beam	Spiked domes that discharge shockwaves. Attempting to jump on a Pulse Beam damages Mario.	Toy Time Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Pumpkinhead Goomba	Slow-moving Goombas with Jack-o'-lanterns covering their heads. They periodically leave small blue flames that damage Mario on contact. Pumpkinhead Goombas can be defeated in one hit with a Ground Pound. Spinning them destroys the pumpkins and turns them into regular Goombas.	Ghostly Galaxy	×1
Rocto	Stationary Octoroks that sit in barrels. They shoot coconuts and flaming rocks at Mario. The coconuts can be deflected back at them if spun against. Roctos are always found in pairs.	Good Egg Galaxy, Space Junk Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Dreadnought Galaxy	None
Sentry Beam	Stationary robots that fire lasers at Mario when he is close. Sentry Beams are completely invincible, although standing on top of one temporarily prevents it from firing.	Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Toy Time Galaxy
Sentry Garage	A large Spring Vault that releases four Topminis from its sides. After jumping on its head, it can be used as a spring to reach higher areas.	Buoy Base Galaxy	None
Slurple	Slurples latch onto Mario and gradually deplete his life meter. Spinning defeats them.	Good Egg Galaxy, Honeyhive Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy	×1
Space Mine	Midair Mikey Mines. They are usually fixed in one spot, but some move along purple-colored streaks of light. Making contact with a Space Mine makes it explode, causing damage. They are destroyed when shot by a Star Bit.	Battlerock Galaxy, Bubble Breeze Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Sling Pod Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy, Bubble Blast Galaxy	None
Spiky Topman	Spinning top enemies. Spiky Topmen do not directly harm Mario, but they can push him into hazards or off of a platform. The spike on their heads protects them from being stomped on and damage Mario on contact. Spiky Topmen can only be defeated if knocked into an electric rail or off the side of a platform.	Battlerock Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1
Spiny Piranha Plant	Giant Piranha Plants that slam their heads into the ground. Spinning one stuns it while jumping on its head defeats it.	Good Egg Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy	×7 ×1
Spoing	Stationary spiders that hop up and down. Spoings are stunned when shot by a Star Bit. Jumping on one defeats it. They laugh if they successfully strike Mario.	Space Junk Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy	×1 ×3
Sprangler	Spiders hanging from silk. They sway back and forth in an attempt to strike Mario. Spinning into Spranglers leaves them stunned for Mario to defeat. They otherwise can be jumped on.	Ghostly Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Sea Slide Galaxy	×1 ×3
Spring Topman	Green Topmen who cause Mario to spin out of control if they collide with him. Jumping on one's head leaves it stunned, allowing Mario to jump on it again to reach great heights. Some Spring Topmen can produce Topminis.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	None
Spring Vault	Spring-like Pulse Beams. They can be used as springs after jumping on their head.	Flipswitch Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	None
Topmini	Tiny Topmen that are defeated when spun into. Topminis are incapable of damaging Mario and can only push him around. There are small portals that continuously produce Topminis. They otherwise are produced by Spring Topmen and Sentry Garages.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1
Tracks	Sandal-wearing creatures. They are invisible while moving, but materialize when they stand still. Tracks are harmless, but they can be defeated to recover a large number of Star Bits. Their movement can be tracked by following their footsteps.	Good Egg Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Gateway Galaxy	×20
Undergrunt	Burrowing Montys. They leave trails of disturbed dirt as they burrow through the ground. Undergrunts can be defeated by ground-pounding nearby earth. This forces them to the surface, leaving them dazed and vulnerable to being spun. Their spiked helmets damage Mario if he tries to jump on them. The helmets protrude from the ground as the Undergrunts burrow, allowing the player to track their movements.	Gusty Garden Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	×3
Water Shooter	Mounted nozzles that shoot large drops of water over great distances. A drop traps Mario if he is within its trajectory and carries him with it. He is freed if he spins.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy

Returning enemies

Name	Description	Locations	Spoils
Amp	Floating, smiling orbs. Amps discharge electricity and shock Mario on contact. They move in one direction, typically in a circular pattern around poles.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Bubble Blast Galaxy
Atomic Boo	A large Boo. It can only be defeated with a light source. The Spooky Speedster is an Atomic Boo.	Deep Dark Galaxy	×1
Banzai Bill	Slow-moving missiles. Their line of trajectory is fixed in one direction, and they slowly rotate as they move.	Bowser's Galaxy Reactor	None
Blooper	Underwater squids. Bloopers swim erratically when approached by Mario in an attempt to strike him. Spinning one or striking it with a shell defeats it. They release a cloud of ink when defeated.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy	×3
Bob-omb	Walking bombs that look like wind-up toys. Bob-ombs actively pursue Mario until they explode. Jumping on a Bob-omb disengages it, turning it into a bomb that can be picked up.	Battlerock Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Rolling Gizmo Galaxy	None
Bomp	Stones that shift in and out of walls. They do not damage Mario directly, but they are positioned to push him off of platforms and solid ground. The tops of their bodies can be walked on.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy
Boo	Ghost enemies. Boos pursue Mario when his back is turned towards them. If Mario looks directly at them, they shield their eyes and stop moving. Spinning shifts their position and forces them to phase through nearby walls, but they cannot be damaged this way. They are only weak to light – including the headlamp of the Toad Brigade Captain. Some Boos are found underwater. Mario can transform into one via the Boo Mushroom, which causes any nearby Boos to become enamored with Mario and chase him.	Ghostly Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy	×1 ×1
Bullet Bill	Missiles fired from Bill Blasters. Bullet Bills normally fly in a straight line, but they change course and directly target Mario if he is within their proximity. Mario can lure Bullet Bills towards cages and fences in order to destroy them. Their eyes flash with red light and their bodies twirl when they lock onto Mario.	Good Egg Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor, Battlerock Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Dreadnought Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor, Bubble Blast Galaxy	None
Cannonball	Round ammunition shot from enemy cannons. They maintain a straight, horizontal trajectory and travel slowly. They burst when they make contact with Mario. A cannonball is taken out when shot by a Star Bit.	Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Sling Pod Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1
Cataquack	Duck-like creatures that toss Mario high into the air, although this does not harm him. Cataquacks immediately charge towards Mario after making visual contact. They otherwise idly walk in circles or sleep on the ground. Spinning them or performing a Ground Pound temporarily dazes them. They cannot swim and drown if led into water.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	None
Cheep Cheep	Pudgy red fish. Underwater, they passively swim in circles. On land or shallow water, they hopelessly bounce around in a set trajectory. They can be defeated with a spin or a jump.	Deep Dark Galaxy	×1 ×3
Chomp	Metal enemies that roll in a set trajectory. The only way to defeat them is by running into them as Rainbow Mario. They bark when in close proximity. A cannon in Good Egg Galaxy expels Chomps.	Good Egg Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy	×7
Dry Bones	Undead Koopa Troopas. They chase down and tackle Mario on sight. If stomped on, spun, or hit with a shell, Dry Bones crumble into a pile of bones, but regenerate after a few seconds. There are three ways to truly defeat Dry Bones: by luring a Bullet Bill into them; by running into them as Rainbow Mario; or by luring them into quicksand.	Dusty Dune Galaxy, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor	×3
Goomba	Squat mushroom creatures that chase Mario when he is in their line of sight. Goombas can be defeated with a single jump. Spinning or shooting them with Star Bits causes them to flip over and spin like a top, leaving them vulnerable to being kicked or stomped on. Pumpkinhead Goombas become regular Goombas if spun.	Good Egg Galaxy, Space Junk Galaxy, Rolling Green Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Hurry-Scurry Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Gateway Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Rolling Gizmo Galaxy	×1 ×3 ×1
Grand Goomba	A giant Goomba. It can only be defeated with a spin and a kick.	Gateway Galaxy	×1
Koopa Troopa (Green)	Green-shelled turtles. They walk back and forth in a straight line. When jumped on, they retreat into their shells, allowing Mario to pick it up and use it as a Green Shell.	Space Junk Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy	×1
Koopa Troopa (Red)	A red-shelled Koopa Troopa that walks around in a circle. Jumping on it causes it to retract and gives Mario access to a Red Shell.	Sea Slide Galaxy	×1
Lava Bubble	Floating drops of lava that propel themselves towards Mario. Lava Bubbles appear during the boss battle with King Kaliente. Shooting them with a Star Bit defeats them. They otherwise burnout on their own.	Good Egg Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Melty Molten Galaxy	×1
Magikoopa	Robed Koopas that can teleport. They toss magical fireballs at Mario with their wand. Shooting one with a Star Bit does not leave it dazed but does make it stall. A Magikoopa featured in one of the opening cutscenes is localized in English as "Kamek".	Space Junk Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Toy Time Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Matter Splatter Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy	×1
Mecha-Bowser	Mechanical Koopas that breathe fire. They can only be defeated with a Ground Pound. Spinning them causes their heads to swing back and briefly delays their fire breath attack.	Toy Time Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy	×1
Micro Goomba	Little Goombas. Like normal-sized Goombas, they charge towards Mario if he is near. They can be defeated with a single spin.	Rolling Green Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Gateway Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Rolling Gizmo Galaxy	×1
Piranha Plant	Carnivorous plants that try to bite Mario when approached and laugh if they land a hit. Piranha Plants can be defeated with a spin or a stomp, and can be stunned with a fired Star Bit. Sproutle Vines sometimes grow from where a Piranha Plant is defeated. They idly keep their heads raised skyward when unapproached.	Good Egg Galaxy, Honeyhive Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	×1 ×3 ×1
Pokey Head	Green Pokeys. They are buried with only their flowers visible. When approached by Mario, they burst out of the ground and start hopping towards him. A Pokey Head bounces in place if it successfully strikes Mario. They can be defeated in a single hit with a spin or stomp.	Gusty Garden Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy	×1 ×3
Pokeynut	Giant Pokeys. They slam their heads downward to strike Mario. Their bodies fall apart when struck by coconuts, causing their head to fall and be partially submerged in the surrounding sand. Stomping on their overturned heads defeats them.	Good Egg Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy	×1
Ruby Rock	Giant, rolling rocks. They are made of cragged stones with a red gem in their center. Ruby Rocks roll around in circles or off the sides of platforms, damaging Mario on contact. Spinning into their red gem destroys them. There are caves that indefinitely release Ruby Rocks in several galaxies.	Good Egg Galaxy, Honeyhive Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy	×7
Spiny Cheep-Cheep	Pufferfish enemies that protract their spines and charge towards Mario on sight. They are only found within sunken treasure chests.	Drip Drop Galaxy	×7
Thwomp	Angry-looking stones. They are suspended in mid-air but periodically slam down towards the ground below. Crushing Mario completely depletes his life meter. The tops and sides of their bodies can be used as platforms and walls, respectively. Slightly smaller Thwomps appear in the 2D sections of several galaxies.	Bowser's Star Reactor, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Dusty Dune Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Torpedo Ted	Underwater missiles. Their eyes flash red and they home in on Mario when he is in close proximity. They can be lured towards glass cages to break them.	Buoy Base Galaxy, Drip Drop Galaxy	None
Tox Box	Giant boxes made out of stone. They roll around in set trajectories. One of their sides is open and can be safely stood under, while the other sides crush Mario. Tox Boxes are the same width of the paths they travel, making them difficult to avoid.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy
Urchin	Sea creatures with protractible spines. They roll towards Mario when he is in close proximity. They can only be damaged by shells and fireballs.	Beach Bowl Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Drip Drop Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy	×5
Wiggler	Caterpillars that walk around in circles. Performing a Ground Pound on nearby earth or directly spinning one flips a Wiggler onto its back. If the incapacitated Wiggler is not defeated within five seconds, it becomes angry and uprights itself. An enraged Wiggler is much faster and cannot be harmed. It calms down after a few seconds. Wigglers can be defeated in a single hit by Ground Pounding them.	Honeyhive Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy	×7
Zap Ball	Large Amps. They are typically in pairs. Unlike normal-sized Amps, the big ones lack faces.	Space Junk Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy

Obstacles

Name	Description	Locations
Banzai Bill Cannon	Giant cannons that shoot Banzai Bills.	Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Bars / Crystal	Thin barriers that can only be phased through by Boo Mario while he is invisible.	Ghostly Galaxy, Boo's Boneyard Galaxy
Bill Blaster	Cannons that shoot Bullet Bills. Bill Blasters are mounted onto the surface of planets, integrated into the walls of terrain, and attached to the sides of airships. Many Bill Blasters are built into the body of Megaleg. The cannons do not shoot more than one Bullet Bill at a time.	Good Egg Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor, Battlerock Galaxy, Buoy Base Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Dreadnought Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor, Bubble Blast Galaxy
Black hole	Bottomless voids with their own gravity. Mario is pulled into black holes if he gets too close and lose a life. They exist in the center of several spherical planets and function similarly to bottomless pits.	Good Egg Galaxy, Honeyhive Galaxy, Flipswitch Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor, Space Junk Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Hurry-Scurry Galaxy, Bowser's Star Reactor, Sling Pod Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Ghostly Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Honeyclimb Galaxy, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Sea Slide Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Deep Dark Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Gateway Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor, Bubble Blast Galaxy
Bone	Floating barriers in courses where Mario races the Spooky Speedster. They can obstruct Mario's path. Most bones have simple designs and are purely obstructive, but some are ribs that shift up and down. Some are encased in meat that bounce Mario on contact. Few are cackling skulls.	Ghostly Galaxy, Boo's Boneyard Galaxy
Bramble	Thick, thorn-covered vines that damage Mario on contact.	Gusty Garden Galaxy
Bumper	Floating objects that bounce Mario on contact.	Bubble Blast Galaxy
Burner	Cannons that create small explosions. It takes a few seconds for them to charge up.	Good Egg Galaxy
Cannon	Enemy cannons that shoot cannonballs. They are built into the sides of terrain. Cannons fire continuously in set intervals that can be timed.	Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser Jr.'s Airship Armada, Gusty Garden Galaxy, Sling Pod Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Chomp box	Giant turrets that release Chomps. Little doghouse-like Chomp boxes release Mini Chomps.	Good Egg Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Crushing pillar	Walls that shift up and down. Mario loses a life if crushed.	Battlerock Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Dark matter	Dark matter causes Mario to disintegrate and lose a life if he makes contact with it.	Bowser's Dark Matter Plant
Electric Ball	Metal orbs that spin around the sides of disc-shaped planetoids. They are similar to Amps and electrocute Mario on contact.	Battlerock Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy
Electric rail	Electric barriers. They emit either green or red electricity and move horizontally in some galaxies. Spiky Topmen can be defeated by spinning them into an electric rail. Topmaniac can only be damaged by knocking it into rails.	Good Egg Galaxy, Flipswitch Galaxy, Battlerock Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy, Dreadnought Galaxy, Sweet Sweet Galaxy, Bubble Blast Galaxy
Fire Bar	Rotating bars of fireballs that burn Mario on contact.	Battlerock Galaxy, Bowser's Star Reactor, Toy Time Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor, Sling Pod Galaxy
Fire geyser	Hot steam forced from the ground. Making contact burns Mario.	Space Junk Galaxy, Freezeflame Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Fireball	Trailing fireballs shot out of lava. They move very slowly and burn Mario on contact. They typically move in an arch.	Freezeflame Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Freezing water	Water so frigid that it gradually depletes Mario's life meter if he tries to swim through it. When Mario enters freezing water, the screen is briefly disrupted by a static-like visual effect, readily differentiating it from normal bodies of water. During "Hot and Cold Collide", this water rises and falls on one of the planets.	Freezeflame Galaxy
Honey	A sweet substance collected by Honeybees. Honey reduces Mario's movement the same way mud does.	Honeyhive Galaxy
Ice sphere	An ice planet. The surface is so cold that direct contact makes Mario leap as if he was burned and reduces his life meter.	Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Lava	Molten rock. Direct contact burns Mario and makes him bounce into the air with his hands on his rear. Some small planets are completely covered in lava. On others, the lava rises and falls like the tide.	Good Egg Galaxy, Bowser's Star Reactor, Freezeflame Galaxy, Bowser's Dark Matter Plant, Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Lava Geyser	Lava Geysers rise and fall in set intervals that can be timed. A rise is always proceeded by rapid bubbling on the lava's surface.	Freezeflame Galaxy, Melty Molten Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Moving sand	Rapidly flowing sand. Mario can stand on it but is brought down his intended trajectory and potentially into hazards. During "Treasure of the Pyramid", the sand rises inside of a pyramid.	Dusty Dune Galaxy
Mud	Mario's movement speed and jump height is greatly reduced when he is in mud. This puts him at potential risk if dangerous enemies are nearby.	Good Egg Galaxy
Poison swamp	Poisonous sludge. If Mario falls into the poison, he sinks and loses a life.	Bubble Breeze Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy
Quicksand	Shifting sands. It functions identically to poison in that it rapidly causes Mario to sink and lose a life.	Dusty Dune Galaxy, Sand Spiral Galaxy, Bowser's Galaxy Reactor
Snow	Powdery snow that reduces Mario's speed when walked through. The snow is cleared when the Star Pointer is waved over it or with fireballs.	Snow Cap Galaxy
Spikes	Spikes damage Mario on contact, and generally appear attached to terrain and shifting objects. Moving lifts with spikes embedded into their sides appear in a few galaxies, and bergy bits in "Wall Jumping up Waterfalls" are covered in ones made of ice.	Good Egg Galaxy, Flipswitch Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, Gold Leaf Galaxy, Toy Time Galaxy
Spotlight	Beams of light. They can be used to defeat enemy Boos, but they will also force Boo Mario back into his normal form.	Ghostly Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy
Spring	These floating springs bounce Boo Mario back on contact but do not cause damage.	Boo's Boneyard Galaxy
Torpedo tube	Underwater cannons that shoot Torpedo Teds.	Buoy Base Galaxy
Whirlpool	A swirling vortex of water. Contact pushes Mario and temporarily stuns him, but it does not cause damage.	Sea Slide Galaxy, Deep Dark Galaxy, Bigmouth Galaxy

Bosses

Bosses are listed in the order that they are first encountered.

Name	Description	Missions
Dino Piranha	A Piranha Plant boss with a clubbed tail. It charges after Mario when he is in its line of sight. Spinning into its club knocks it at its head, damaging it. It charges faster after the first strike.	Dino Piranha, Dino Piranha Speed Run
King Kaliente	A giant Rocto that sits in lava. He shoots coconuts and flaming rocks at Mario. Spinning into a coconut sends it back and damages him. He starts to parry these attacks as the fight progresses.	King Kaliente's Battle Fleet
Mandibug Stack	A Mandibug that carries its child on its back. Both can be defeated by performing a Ground Pound. Defeating the child angers the parent and makes it harder to strike.	Trouble on the Tower
Bugaboom	A giant, winged Mandibug that tries to bite Mario with its jaws and can be damaged with a Ground Pound. Bugaboom takes flight after being struck once and starts releasing explosive droppings as it flies.	Big Bad Bugaboom
Megaleg	A giant robot. Its legs are covered with gravitational panels that enable Mario to walk up its body. Bill Blasters are built into its body. A Grand Star is caged on its head that can be freed with a lured Bullet Bill.	Megaleg's Moon
Kamella	A Magikoopa boss. She launches magical fireballs and Green Shells from her wand. Striking her with shells is the only way to damage her. She starts to erratically teleport as the fight progresses.	Kamella's Airship Attack, The Underground Ghost Ship, Ghost Ship Daredevil Run
Tarantox	A giant spider cocooned in silk. The green orbs covering its body are its weak points, which Mario can damage by launching himself at them with Sling Pods. It spits acid after being hit once.	Tarantox's Tangled Web
Topmaniac	A large Topman with serrated edges. Jumping on its head makes the blades retract, allowing Mario to safely spin it into an electric rail.	Topmaniac and the Topman Tribe, Topmaniac's Daredevil Run, Revenge of the Topman Tribe, Topman Tribe Speed Run
Bowser	The fire-breathing king of Koopas. He launches himself to the sky and back to generate shockwaves. Luring him above a glass panel causes him to crash through and burn his tail on lava. This leaves him vulnerable to a spin attack. He can conjure stone armor and roll like a Ruby Rock. He refers to Mario as his "archenemy".	The Fiery Stronghold, Darkness on the Horizon, The Fate of the Universe
Bouldergeist	A ghost covered in rocks. It launches rocks and erects stone spikes from the ground to damage Mario. Attacking it with Bomb Boos destroys its armor and leaves it vulnerable to attack. During the second phase, it constructs giant hands to attack Mario and protect its body. It is the one who kidnaps Luigi.	Beware of Bouldergeist, Bouldergeist's Daredevil Run
Bowser Jr.	Bowser's son. He rides a miniature airship that fires Bullet Bills and cannonballs at Mario. Magikoopas aide Bowser Jr. during the fight. Throwing shells at the airship damages it and eventually makes it sink. Bowser Jr. otherwise has a recurring story presence throughout the game.	Sinking the Airships
Major Burrows	A giant Undergrunt chasing a Star Bunny. He burrows towards Mario before bursting from the ground with swiping claws. Performing a Ground Pound on the earth when his head is exposed forces him to the surface and leaves him vulnerable to a spin attack.	The Dirty Tricks of Major Burrows, Major Burrows's Daredevil Run
Baron Brrr	A big Ice Bubble. He fires ice balls that freeze Mario on contact. If close, he thrusts himself downward and generates a freezing shockwave. Being close to the ground leaves him vulnerable to being spun, which extinguishes his icy aura.	The Frozen Peak of Baron Brrr
Water Bazooka	Blue rotating cannons operated by Undergrunt Gunners. They fire drops of water that trap Mario on contact. The glass-encased cockpit is the weak point.	When It Rains, It Pours, Bubble Blastoff
Mecha-Bowser	An enormous robot modeled after Bowser. Gearmos are trapped inside of its mouth. To free them and destroy the robot, the stack of stone wheels on top of its head must be Ground Pounded.	Heavy Metal Mecha-Bowser
Electric Bazooka	A yellow cannon operated by an Undergrunt Gunner. This one shoots balls of electricity that home-in on Mario.	Bouncing Down Cake Lane
Kingfin	A massive shark that is guarded by a school of Bonefins. It is vulnerable to shells. As it swims, it destroys underwater pillars. It does not actively pursue Mario, but it summons more Bonefins as the battle progresses.	Kingfin's Fearsome Waters
King Kaliente (Black)	A stronger variant of King Kaliente. He launches more projectiles and can immediately parry attacks. He causes meteors to rain from the sky during the battle.	King Kaliente's Spicy Return
Dino Piranha (Black)	A fast Dino Piranha. Its clubbed tail periodically catches fire. The flames burn Mario and prevent him from spinning the club. After making a successful strike, the Dino Piranha becomes faster, leaving walls of flames in its wake as it spews giant fiery balls. Defeating this boss without being damaged requires well-timed precision.	Fiery Dino Piranha

Items and objects

Items

These are collectibles, pickups, and health-restoring objects.

Name	Description	Name	Description
Power Stars	Objects that power the Comet Observatory. They are stolen by Bowser to create a galaxy of his own at the center of the universe. Collecting them completes missions and unlocks new levels. It is inferred that yellow Lumas can become Power Stars at the end of their lifespans.	Green Power Stars	Hidden Power Stars. Collecting one attracts a green-colored Luma to the observatory. Collecting all three grants Mario access to the Planet of Trials and its Trial Galaxies. The green Lumas become these Power Stars at the end of their lifespans.
Red Power Star	A Power Star affiliated with the Red Star power-up. Only one mission involves this Power Star, and collecting it makes the Red Star available in the Comet Observatory. Red Lumas can become these at the end of their lifespans.	Silver Stars	Small Stars that represent one-fifth of a Power Star and are contained in bubbles. Silver Stars squeal like Lumas and trail after Mario when he pops their bubbles. When five are collected, they merge to form a full Power Star.
Grand Stars	Giant Power Stars of considerable energy. They are usually in the possession of bosses. Collecting them makes the beacon expand in size, restores light to the observatory, and unlocks new domes.	Star Bits	Colorful objects that are eaten by Lumas. They are found floating in space and raining from the sky. They are collected when Mario makes physical contact or when they are touched with the Star Pointer. The Star Pointer works like a reticle: pressing shoots a Star Bit at its on-screen positioning, and holding the button shoots them rapidly. Most enemies are stunned when struck by Star Bits. Fired Star Bits can be recovered by spinning, but only while using a Red Star or swimming underwater. Hungry Lumas transform into planets and galaxies when fed a requested number of Star Bits. Mario does not lose accumulated Star Bits if he loses a life during a mission, and they are added to total when he returns to the observatory. Collecting fifty Star Bits gives Mario an extra life.
Coins	Collecting a coin restores one bar to Mario's life meter. Collecting fifty during a mission gives Mario an extra life. If Mario loses a life during a mission, he loses all of the coins he collected within that specific mission.	Purple Coins	Coins that only appear in a galaxy when Purple Comets are in orbit. Collecting 100 awards Mario with a Power Star.
? Coins	Big coins with inconsistent properties. Making contact with one has different results depending on the level. Touching one can make a power-up, mushroom, note, or another ? Coin appear. They do not contribute to Mario's coin count.	Notes	Music notes which can appear when Mario touches a ? Coin. They appear in trails in the immediate vicinity and disappear after a few seconds. Collecting every note before they can disappear awards Mario with a power-up, a mushroom, or a Power Star.
Green Shells	Shells of green Koopa Troopas. Mario grabs one when he makes contact or spins near it. Shaking makes Mario throw it. Green Shells travel in a continuous forward trajectory and defeats enemies on contact. Holding a Shell while underwater makes Mario automatically propel forward at a faster speed than if he were to swim on his own. It also emits a light from the front of the shell that helps orient the player and can defeat Boos.	Red Shells	Shells of red Koopa Troopas. They home-in on nearby targets when thrown. They give Mario a greater speed boost underwater than Green Shells.
Gold Shells	Golden Koopa Shells. Of all the shells, these ones give Mario the greatest speed boost. They function identically to a Green Shell when thrown.	Bombs	Disengaged Bob-ombs that can be picked up and tossed. They explode on impact. Bombs are used during Bob-omb Blasting to clear trash.
1-Up Mushrooms	Green mushrooms that give Mario an extra life when obtained. They are sold at Luma Shops.	Life Mushrooms	Red mushrooms that doubles the amount of bars in Mario's health meter from three to six. If Mario loses three bars, they cannot be restored. The life meter returns to just three bars when Mario completes the mission, even if at full health. This mushroom is sold at Luma Shops.
Bubbles	Air bubbles appear underwater, often released by bubblers on the seafloor. Making contact with one refills Mario's air meter.	Keys	Collecting a key opens a corresponding case or Key Door, granting Mario access to a new area.
Yellow Star Chips	Star fragments that each represent one-fifth of a Launch Star or Sling Star. Collecting five causes them to merge into either depending on the level context.	Blue Star Chips	Collecting five Blue Star Chips turns them into a Pull Star.

Power-ups

Items that transform Mario's appearance and give him unique abilities.

Power-up	Form		Description
Bee Mushroom	Bee Mario	Bee Luigi	Touching the Bee Mushroom transforms Mario into Bee Mario. Holding makes Mario hover, and his movement is controlled by tilting . The Flying Meter depletes as Mario hovers. He falls when the Meter is empty, but it is refilled when he makes contact with the ground or wall. Bee Mario can cling to honey walls and stand on clouds. The radius of the spin move is reduced in this form. Receiving damage or making contact with water makes Mario lose the power-up.
Rainbow Star	Rainbow Mario	Rainbow Luigi	Making contact with the Rainbow Star transforms Mario into Rainbow Mario for thirty seconds. He is invincible and can defeat enemies on contact. Running in this form makes Mario build speed and shortens the height of his jump. Attempting to collect a different power-up in this form will instead launch it up without collecting it.
Boo Mushroom	Boo Mario	Boo Luigi	Mario is transformed into a Boo when he touches the Boo Mushroom. Shaking makes Boo Mario become intangible for five seconds, enabling him to phase through walls. Continuously pressing makes Boo Mario hover, and he can read boards written in "Booish". Enemy Boos become infatuated with Boo Mario and pursue him. Receiving damage or making contact with a light source makes Mario lose the power-up.
Ice Flower	Ice Mario	Ice Luigi	Contact with the Ice Flower transforms Mario into Ice Mario for thirty seconds. In this form, Mario creates hexagonal ice platforms when he makes contact with water or lava, enabling him to wall jump between waterfalls. Because he produces ice under his feet, Ice Mario can continuously skate over water and lava.
Fire Flower	Fire Mario	Fire Luigi	The Fire Flower transforms Mario into Fire Mario for thirty seconds. Shaking makes Mario toss a fireball. The fire lights torches and defeats enemies on contact. This is the only power-up to have appeared in prior Super Mario games.
Spring Mushroom	Spring Mario	Spring Luigi	Making contact with the Spring Mushroom transforms Mario into Spring Mario. Mario continuously jumps in this form. Pressing when he strikes the ground makes Spring Mario jump to a great height. His horizontal movement is slowed in this state. Receiving damage or making contact with water strips Mario of the power-up.
Red Star	Flying Mario	Flying Luigi	The Red Star transforms Mario into Flying Mario for sixty seconds. Shaking makes Mario soar without any corresponding meter or limitation. Holding makes Flying Mario stop in midair and change directions. Purple Coins are drawn to Flying Mario while he is airborne. Shaking while flying makes Mario fall back to the ground.

Objects

Objects are interactable elements of the environment that cannot be picked up or collected by Mario. For objects that primarily function as obstructions or hazards, see above.

Name	Description
Transportation objects
Bubble	Big bubbles that are moved by the Star Pointer. Mario becomes stuck inside one when he touches it. The Star Pointer turns into an air-blowing nozzle () that pushes the bubble with . Pressing releases Mario.
Cannon	Cannons that launch Mario to distant areas. They are accessed like pipes. Entering one shifts the screen perspective to inside the cannon and turns the Star Pointer into a reticle symbol (). Aiming the reticle on screen and pressing launches Mario.
Floaty Fluff	Dandelion seeds that are carried on gusts of wind. Mario grabs onto one by spinning. It slowly descends as it floats. It ascends briefly by shaking , but only up to four times. Pressing makes Mario let go of the Floaty Fluff.
Gravity spotlight	Blue beams of light that have their own gravity. When Mario walks into one, he is pulled towards the direction that the light is being beamed. It enables him to walk on walls and ceilings, but only where the light is being directly struck.
Hole	Indentations in the ground for the Rolling Ball. Yellow-rimmed holes launch the Rolling Ball from one planetoid to another. The blue-rimmed ones are the final goals of their courses. They break the Rolling Ball and allow Mario to collect its Power Star.
Key Door	Doors that open when Mario makes contact with a key.
Launch Star	Floating stars near the surface of planets. They launch Mario to distant areas when spun near. Some yellow Lumas transform into Launch Stars when freed by Mario.
Pipe	Entering a pipe brings Mario to a new area. He enters one when is pressed while on top of one. Some pipes lead Mario to otherworldly subareas.
Pull Star	Floating stars that are interacted with the Star Pointer. Moving the cursor over a Pull Star and holding pulls Mario to it. Gently pressing again, pressing , or spinning releases Mario from the Pull Star. A Pull Star is at the center of every dome on the Comet Observatory. Blue Lumas can transform into them.
Ring	Underwater rings. Swimming through one gives Mario a burst of speed.
Rolling Ball	Mario takes control of a Rolling Ball when he jumps on top of it. It is steered by shifting the . It is carried between platforms on metal tracks. Reaching the goal causes the Rolling Ball to break and release its Power Star.
Sling Pod	Clumps of spider silk. Mario becomes stuck to one when he makes contact with it. Pointing on the Sling Pod with the Star Pointer and holding pulls the Spring Pod back. Releasing slings Mario a great distance.
Sling Star	Small Launch Stars that sling Mario towards a neighboring planet when spun near.
Tornado	Tornados moves back and forth along set paths. Making contact traps Mario within its gusts. He is propelled high into the air like a bamboo-copter if he tries to spin, enabling him to reach distant platforms and avoid hazards. Tornados function similarly to Bone Twisters, but have no means of harming Mario.
Warp Pad	Transport panels that move Mario along a curved beacon of light from one part of the Comet Observatory to another. More Warp Pads become available as energy is restored to the observatory.
Blocks and containers
? Block	Floating blocks that contain items. One releases its content when Mario jumps underneath it. ? Blocks that contain coins and some that have Star Bits can be jumped under in rapid succession to release more than one. Most ? Blocks become empty blocks when there contents are exhausted. There are ? Blocks containing Star Bits that burst immediately when jumped under. Some are invisible and only become viewable once interacted with.
Block	Blocks that contain nothing and cannot be broken. Coin Blocks and some ? Blocks become these when their contents are exhausted.
Brick	Some are Coin Blocks that contain multiple coins like ? Blocks. Others are empty and fall apart when jumped under.
Case	Cloche domes that trap Lumas, Power Stars, and other objects of interest. Most open when Mario acquires a nearby key, but some require the completion of a more cryptic task.
Crate	Crates contain items or Goombas. They release their contents when spun near or ground-pounded. Crates are only found on the ground and break completely when struck.
Gold Treasure Box	A treasure chest that only opens when struck by a Gold Shell. It contains a Power Star and the Toad Brigade Captain.
Sliding block	Flat blocks only found on a planet in Gold Leaf Galaxy. They slide across the surface like hockey pucks and can damage Mario on impact. Striking one with a Ground Pound releases an item.
Snow sculpture	Blocks in Snow Cap Galaxy that melt when struck by fireballs. Each snow sculpture contains a coin.
Stone block	Big blocks in Rolling Gizmo Galaxy. They are destroyed when struck by the Rolling Ball.
Treasure chest	Wooden treasure chests that contain items. One opens when a Koopa Shell is thrown at it.
Strikable and spinnable objects
Bolt	Mario pushes bolts into the ground when he spins on top of them. Doing so grants him access to new areas or triggers nearby events.
Bowser Statue	Stone statues of Bowser that contain items. They are destroyed when struck by Bomb Boos or Bullet Bills.
Cage	Glass spheres. They contain objects of interest such as pipes, Star Bits, or Power Stars. In one mission, Luigi is trapped in a cage. They shatter when hit by Bullet Bills.
Coconut / Watermelon	Green fruits that can be launched when spun. Some enemies and bosses fire coconuts. Watermelons permanently replace them once Mario accumulates 9999 Star Bits on one save file. One otherwise appears in the center of a transparent planet in Deep Dark Galaxy.
Crystal	Gemstones that break when spun into. Most crystals are small, contain Star Bits, and are broken with a single spin. Others are large, contain Power Stars, and require three spins to be broken.
Leaf pile	Leaf piles release Star Bits or coins when spun in.
Rock spire	Stalagmites. They fall apart when spun into. Some contain items.
Rubbery bulb	Bulbous plants. Spinning into one flings it forward and return with the same force exerted. Mario receives knockback if hit by the rebound. The plants rebound is halted if it collides with an enemy or object. They can be used to break objects and defeat enemies.
Shock Wave Generator	Spires that release waves of electricity when struck, stunning nearby enemies.
Snowman	Snowmen are destroyed with fireballs. They obstruct narrow paths in some instances.
Star Piece Cluster	Giant Star Bits that float in the set trajectory of Launch Stars. Colliding with one breaks it into seven collectible Star Bits.
Stone circle / Shell circle	A circle of eight objects embedded in the ground. Spinning inside the circle transforms the objects into Star Bits.
Tiny lamp	A shimmering protrusion in the ground. Firing a Star Bit at a tiny lamp turns it into a coin.
Torch	Lighting torches with fireballs solves puzzles and sometimes provides access to new areas.
Trash	Piles of garbage from Bob-omb Blasting. They are cleared with bombs.
Valve	Most valves release Star Bits when spun into the ground. One prevents the flow of water in Sea Slide Galaxy.
Ground-poundable objects
Stone wheel	Stone discs. Ground Pounding one breaks it and usually releases an item. Breaking a stone wheel sometimes changes an element of the area it is in. In some galaxies, there are multiple stone wheels stacked on top of each other.
Stump	Ground Pounding a stump either produces a coin or triggers an event that enable level progression, similar to Ground-Pound Switches.
Tennis ball	Yellow balls within a clear planet in Deep Dark Galaxy. Ground Pounding one launches it at a watermelon in the planet's center and makes it expand.
Trampoline	Trampolines bounce Mario into the air. Ground Pounding the surface of a trampoline launches Mario higher.
Climbable objects
Banandelion	Big dandelions. Mario grabs onto one by spinning. Continuing to spin makes Mario ascend up the flower and flings him.
Bar	Metal rods embedded into the caverns of Deep Dark Galaxy. Mario can swing from them to reach higher areas.
Honey wall	Hexagonal panels attached to the side of walls within levels. Mario can cling and crawl on them while in his Bee form.
Pole	Mario clings to a pole by jumping onto it. He can ascend, descend, and change which face of the pole he is on by moving . Pressing makes Mario jump from whichever face he is on.
Sproutle Vine	Twisting vines that sprout from the base of defeated Piranha Plants. Mario grabs and swings up one by spinning. Sproutle Vines enable Mario to travel from one area to another.
Swing	Trapezes made out of vines and flowers. Mario grabs onto one automatically when he makes contact with it. Moving back and forth makes him swing. A swing bar can be used to bring Mario over gaps between platforms.
Vine	A rope swing that Mario grabs onto when he jumps towards it. Moving the causes him to swing.
Switches
Blue switch	Blue ! Switches. Ground Pounding one usually triggers a timed event or changes an element in the area it is encountered.
Flipswitch Panel	Blue panels that turn yellow when Mario steps on them. Stepping on all of the panels in a confined area turns the switches green and triggers access to a new area or the appearance of a Power Star.
Gravity switch	Switches that shift the gravitational pull from the floor to the ceiling. They only occur in areas on 2D planes.
Ground-Pound Switch	Buttons that trigger a change in the surrounding environment when Mario Ground Pounds them. A Ground-Pound Switch is only useable once. There are wooden and stone variants that are destroyed when activated.
Lever Switch	Levers that physically change the surrounding area, usually by granting Mario access to a new area by making a door or bridge appear. Mario uses one by spinning near it.
Platforms
Airship	Bowser's flying ships. Enemies patrol the decks. Some are equipped with cannons that fire hazardous projectiles. There are hatches on the floors of some airships. Ground-pounding one brings Mario inside the cargo hold.
Assembly Block	Multi-shaped platforms. They initially float in space far away from Mario, but will immediately assemble into an established configuration if he approaches the intended space. They fall away if Mario moves away from the intended space, meaning the player does not have a permanent visual as to where the platforms are going to appear.
Bolts	Three giant bolts on a metal rod. The rod connects two distant areas. Walking perpendicular to the rod on the bolts makes them rotate, allowing Mario to travel between the areas.
Cloud	Floating platforms that Mario is normally too heavy to stand on. He can only do so in his Bee form. There are raining gray variants that move along set paths.
Conveyor Belt	Platforms with moving surfaces. A blue Conveyor Belt has giant chocolate bars built into it.
Flip Tile	Yellow squares that flip downwards and turn indefinitely when stepped on.
Float	Floats sink in water when stepped on, then rise back up.
Flower	Floating flowers that recede if Mario makes contact with them. He can only stand on them while in his Bee form.
Ice	Ice reduces Mario's traction and causes him to slide, but spinning causes Mario to start skating.
Lift	Moving platforms. Their designs and environmental context for moving depends on where they are encountered. Four wooden lifts attached to a pivot point appear in Honeyhive Galaxy that spin continuously, and there are similar lifts that look like lollipops in Toy Time Galaxy.
Ramp	Wooden ramps that enable traversal between two gravitational planes.
Robot turtle	Buoyant Koopa-like platforms that moves across the surface of water.
Rock platform	Rock platforms that sink into lava once stood on.
Shrinking platform	Checkerboard platforms that disappear once stood on.
Starshroom	Mushroom-shaped starships with their own centers of gravity. They were created by the Lumas for the Toad Brigade.
Steel platform	Platforms that sink in lava when stepped on, then rise back up.
Waterfall	Water overflowing the sides of elevated drops. In Beach Bowl Galaxy, a series of waterfalls can be ascended when Mario wall jumps between them in his Ice form.
Other objects
Arrow Sign	Signs that direct players towards the intended focus of the mission they enter.
Beacon	The comet at the center of the Comet Observatory that gives it its energy. Collected Power Stars are fed to it. Grand Stars make it grow larger and unlocks new areas of the observatory to explore.
Bob-omb dispenser	Bob-omb dispensaries. A single Bob-omb dispenser only releases one Bob-omb at a time: the current one out must explode before it releases another one. The Bob-ombs are usually active, but the Bob-omb dispensers in Bob-omb Blasting only release legless variants that can be picked up by Mario.
Bubbler	Creates air bubbles.
Butterfly	Butterflies are sometimes found near flowers. In galaxies, trailing a butterfly with the Star Pointer causes it to release a Star Bit. Mario will automatically direct his gaze towards a butterfly if it is in his vicinity. One may land on his head if he falls asleep near it.
Flower / Grass	Flora that rustles when walked through. Some release Star Bits or coins when disturbed.
Matter	Matter can take two forms: bouncing droplets that reveal circular parts of the planet's terrain, and spotlights that move in a set path revealing parts of the planet in their range.
Portrait	A painting of a 1-Up Mushroom. Touching a nearby ? Coin makes a 1-Up Mushroom emerge from it. Portraits of Boos and Bomb Boos also occur, and continuously release the enemies in the areas they are found.
Sign	Posted signs that contain information on actions. Most signs are inanimate objects that give Mario insight on his surroundings or actions when read. However, a few signs are speaking characters that give specific instructions on how to use objects or power-ups that change how Mario is controlled.
Water spout	Mario is briefly carried into the air when he enters a water spout. When in his Ice form, Mario can freeze the surface of the water to form temporary ice platforms.
Wind	Wind is usually generated by fans triggered by switches. Riding the currents in a bubble or with a Floating Fluff brings Mario to distant areas.

Music

Main article: Super Mario Galaxy Original Soundtrack

Album and disc for Super Mario Galaxy Original Soundtrack.

The majority of the music in Super Mario Galaxy was composed and arranged by Mahito Yokota, who penned the entirety of the soundtrack for Nintendo EAD Tokyo's first title, Donkey Kong Jungle Beat (2004). Longtime series composer Koji Kondo contributed four tracks himself and mentored Yokota in developing a sound appropriate for the title. It is the first Super Mario game to feature a fully orchestrated soundtrack. The game's orchestra performed at the Sound Inn Studios in Tokyo and consisted of roughly fifty members dubbed the "Mario Galaxy Orchestra". Koji Haishima, who had conducted pieces from Square Enix's Final Fantasy series and Capcom's Monster Hunter series, served as conductor. Some of the pieces are orchestral arrangements of Kondo's compositions from Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 3, and Super Mario 64.

Yokota was professionally trained in orchestral composition and championed the use of an orchestra to producer Shigeru Miyamoto during the game's development. He was met with reluctance due to the anticipated expenses and the thought that it would detract from the player's immersion, which is why live instrumentation had seen only occasional use in prior Nintendo games. It was ultimately decided that a live orchestra would be appropriate for Super Mario Galaxy after Yokota spent three months trying to develop the best sound with little success. Based on the music of prior titles in the series, Yokota's first attempts derived from Latin and pop music. Though approved by director Yoshiaki Koizumi, Kondo was displeased. When Yokota presented his work to him, he said, "Yokota-san, if somewhere in your mind you have an image that Mario is cute, please get rid of it... Mario is cool." This experience and the strenuous three months of work briefly made Yokota consider leaving the project. A musical direction was definitively established when Yokota presented Miyamoto with three pieces – one orchestral, one a mix of orchestral and pop, and one entirely pop – and asked which he felt was the best style for Super Mario Galaxy. Miyamoto chose the fully orchestrated one, remarking that it sounded "the most space-like". This piece, titled "Egg Planet", was penned by Koji Kondo. It accompanied the game's debut trailer during E3 2006 and is incorporated as the level theme for Good Egg Galaxy in the final product. Miyamoto's preference for it is what allowed Yokota to find his sound.

Mahito Yokota composed roughly thirty pieces for Super Mario Galaxy and oversaw their recording at Sound Inn. Unlike most orchestras, a metronome was used during recording sessions that was set to a tempo adjacent to Mario's running speed. He did this because he did not want the music to sound like a passive background element – he wanted it to sound like an organic part of the game. Another major way this was accomplished was with the music itself being an influenceable element. For example, there are three variations of "Rosalina in the Observatory", the waltz that plays on the Comet Observatory. The first variation is what plays in the earliest portion of the game, when many areas are inaccessible and the observatory is largely cast in shadow. This variation is simplistic in orchestration. As the player accumulates more Power Stars and more areas on the Comet Observatory become accessible to the player, the variation that plays is progressively more richly orchestrated. Within the levels themselves, unique sound effects and musical queues correlate with the actions performed by the player in real-time. Sound director Masafumi Kawamura established this by building on what he had integrated in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2003) and Jungle Beat, which comparably included instances where the player's actions would influence the music in limited, context-specific instances. In Super Mario Galaxy, the player can influence sound throughout the majority of the game. It was accomplished by synchronizing a stream of the raw recording data from the orchestra with Musical Instruments Digital Interface (MIDI) data. This effect enhances the player's sense of rhythm and immersion within the game world.

On January 31, 2008, two soundtracks were made available in Japan through Club Nintendo. One is a standard edition with 28 tracks on a single disc. The other is a "platinum edition" that has 81 tracks across two discs. The platinum edition was released in Europe on the same date. The standard edition eventually saw a localized release in the United States on October 23, 2011 through its inclusion in a Wii console bundle. The platinum edition would not become available in the US until the release of Super Mario 3D All-Stars on September 18, 2020. Select pieces from Super Mario Galaxy are included in Super Mario History 1985-2010 Sound Track CD, Nintendo Sound Selection: Endings & Credits, and The 30th Anniversary Super Mario Bros. Music. Music from Super Mario Galaxy has been rearranged and incorporated into succeeding video games by Nintendo, including Super Mario Galaxy 2, Super Mario 3D Land, Super Mario 3D World, Mario Kart 8 (2014), Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker (2014), Super Smash Bros. for Wii U (2014), Super Mario Odyssey (2017), and Super Mario Maker 2 (2019). Film composer Brian Tyler incorporated select compositions into melodies he penned for The Super Mario Bros. Movie. Music from Super Mario Galaxy has been performed live in concert by the Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra, the WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

Media

For a complete list of media for this subject, see List of Super Mario Galaxy media.

Super Mario Galaxy - Trailer

File infoMedia:SMG Trailer.ogv 3:12

Overture - The song that is played on the game's title screen.

File infoMedia:Title Screen Super Mario Galaxy.oga 0:30

Prologue - The song from the prologue.

File infoMedia:Prologue Super Mario Galaxy.oga 0:30

Help:Media • Having trouble playing?

Staff

Main article: List of Super Mario Galaxy staff

Super Mario Galaxy was developed by Nintendo EAD Tokyo, a development team established in 2003 that previously developed Donkey Kong Jungle Beat. It is smaller than the Kyoto branch of the same name that developed the majority of the previous Super Mario games and consists of younger, less experienced staff.

Series creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived of the game and served as one of its producers. Yoshiaki Koizumi, a friend and protégé of Miyamoto who has been involved with the series since Super Mario 64, served as director. This represents the first time he would serve as the sole director of a Super Mario game, after having co-directed Super Mario Sunshine with Kenta Usui. He previously directed Jungle Beat and believed that that game's development allowed the staff of Nintendo EAD Tokyo to get familiar enough with each other to confidently pursue a game as complex as Super Mario Galaxy.

This is the first Super Mario game to feature Bowser's current voice actor, Kenny James.

The staff credits in the Nvidia Shield TV version shows three people in charge of Chinese localization as well as an "iQue testing group". It is possible that the game was fully translated for the iQue Wii release before the console was canceled.

Development

1997–2004: Super Mario 128 and Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

Screenshot of the Super Mario 128 tech demo from SpaceWorld 2000.

Super Mario Galaxy was developed to address the problems with 3D game design established by Super Mario 64. That game was one of the first 3D titles ever published and has had a significant foundational influence on how 3D games are made, not just at Nintendo but throughout the entire industry. Despite its influence, some members of Nintendo's staff observed that the game caused a divide between potential players that did not exist during the 2D era of video games, with some people feeling that 3D games are too difficult for them to play. Yoshiaki Koizumi, one of the assistant directors on Super Mario 64, believed that this perceived difficulty came from their attempts to keep the player from experiencing depth misperception, getting lost, and feeling motion sickness. The solutions created to mitigate these problems, most significantly camera controls, resulted in systems that were too cumbersome or at least intimidating for players.

After Super Mario 64 was released, Shigeru Miyamoto assembled a team within Nintendo EAD to develop a successor tentatively titled Super Mario 128 to address this problem. At SpaceWorld 2000, it was presented to the public as a technology demonstration for the Nintendo GameCube. Directed by Koizumi, the player controlled 128 Marios on a saucer-shaped platform that dynamically changed its shape over the course of the demo. This iteration of Mario 128 was never released as a full game, but Miyamoto did extrapolate the idea of having Mario run around "spherical worlds" from the demo. It was believed that this concept would resolve many of the problems with previous 3D games in deemphasizing the need to control the camera and decreasing the likelihood of the player getting lost. When shared with Koizumi, he agreed this had the potential to become a full game, but was technically near-impossible.

While Super Mario 128 continued development, Nintendo published Super Mario Sunshine for the GameCube in 2002. It was the first entry in the Super Mario series released since Super Mario 64 and shard many elements with it. However, Miyamoto asserted that Super Mario Sunshine was unrelated to Super Mario 128 and was best viewed as a continuation of Super Mario 64, not a proper successor that built on the concepts it introduced. Super Mario Sunshine was the last 3D-related project Koizumi helped develop for several years, having served as one of its co-directors. He regrettably oversaw the integration of a camera system in Super Mario Sunshine that he felt was even more cumbersome than Super Mario 64's and came to the perspective that it was too difficult to produce the "perfect 3D control environment", where the game was both fun to play and not needlessly stressful for the player.

Koizumi's next project was at the newly-formed branch Nintendo EAD Tokyo where he directed Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, a 2D action-adventure platformer released in 2004 for the GameCube. The player controlled Donkey Kong with the DK Bongos, a controller with fewer input options than the conventional GameCube controller. The experience of directing Jungle Beat made Koizumi realize that one could create a robust action game with only a few button inputs required of the player. They had established what Koizumi called "contextual binding", where available player actions change depending on the context, resulting in more diverse ways of play without increasing the number of buttons. Koizumi also observed that an exaggerated presentation delighted bystanders that were not directly playing the game, allowing more people to gain from the experience than just the player. These were concepts he brought to Miyamoto, who was still working on Super Mario 128 as its sole director. In 2003, before they had started development on Jungle Beat, a staff member expressed interest in making the next Super Mario game. The experience of working together as a team for Jungle Beat made Koizumi realize that this was something they could do. They had the technical skill needed to succeed the struggling Super Mario 128 project and bring Miyamoto's spherical world concept to fruition.

2005–2007: Super Mario Revolution

Yoshiaki Koizumi's proposal documents for "Super Mario Revolution", circa 2005.

In 2005, Koizumi prepared an outline for "Super Mario Revolution" for the GameCube's successor, the Wii. Adapted from the Super Mario 128 demo and building on what EAD Tokyo had accomplished with Jungle Beat, the core concept of "Super Mario Revolution" was for it to be a 3D action platformer with Mario running around spherical worlds. These worlds would have their own centers of gravity that prevent Mario from falling off the edge. There would be few walls or ceilings on the worlds to obstruct Mario's path. If he kept moving forward in one direction, he would return to his starting position. This would mitigate the chances of the player becoming lost. After the project was greenlit by Nintendo's executives, Koizumi spent three months creating a small prototype with several other EAD Tokyo employees to present to Miyamoto for his feedback. The prototype was set in space because it was believed that most players would interpret the spherical worlds as small planets. This set a precedent where Miyamoto would be the first one to playtest all of the game's builds. A system was eventually set up that allowed the staff to send him a build from the Tokyo studio to his office in Kyoto as soon as it was finished. In the last few months of development, Miyamoto made frequent in-person visits to EAD Tokyo.

Development progressed with the involvement of more staff. It succeeded the indefinitely-stalled Super Mario 128 project and was recognized as the "true" successor to Super Mario 64 by Miyamoto during development. At some point it was renamed Super Mario Galaxy to reflect the game's outer space setting. An important tenet that informed development was to prioritize what Koizumi refers to as "ease of play" - to make the control system as unobtrusive to the player as possible. The number of button inputs required by the player was kept to a minimum. The spin move was added to supplement jumping actions, which Koizumi believes can be imprecise in a 3D environment. Originally they made it so that Mario could spin indefinitely by shaking the Wii Remote, but Miyamoto had them integrate a delay after the spin to make the game more challenging. Employing contextual binding resulted in the development of scenarios within the game that change what button inputs do, such as in the rolling ball levels, ray surfing, and controlling power-ups. Pointer controls were thoroughly integrated into Super Mario Galaxy to supplement or even replace traditional button inputs, as the team felt they were more intuitive. To keep the player from "thinking about the camera", another tenet of development, EAD Tokyo developed a new camera system called the "planet camera". It gently follows Mario as he runs across a spherical world without sudden jerks or obscuring his positioning. It requires no input from the player. This element of the game was very important to the staff because they did not want any players to experience motion sickness. To ensure the game was comfortable to play, they heavily relied on the feedback of playtesters, something that was also employed extensively during Jungle Beat's development.

In concert with Nintendo's goal of making the Wii appeal to demographics beyond their core consumers, the team wanted Super Mario Galaxy to appeal to people who do not play video games. One of the ways they did this was by integrating a cooperative multiplayer mode called Co-Star Mode. One player controls Mario and a pointer (P1) while a second player only has a pointer (P2). It was seen as a good way for family and friends to play together even if one of them was inexperienced with games. Co-producer Takao Shimizu originally envisioned pointer controls being the same for both players, but Miyamoto had them restrict some actions to P2. This completely changed the balance of the game. For example, they originally allowed P1 to hold moving obstacles in place with the pointer. Staff felt that restricting this action to P2 improved the game's flow. The desire to engage non-players also informed Super Mario Galaxy's theatrical cutscenes and lively character animations. This made the game fun for bystanders to watch.

There were concentrated efforts to make the game easily accessible for beginners, such as with the integration of Bee Mario. Believing that one of the joys of a Super Mario game was simply moving around, Koizumi oversaw the integration of areas without enemies or objectives. The earliest builds of the game were too easy, however. Miyamoto reminded staff that it was important for a game to feel challenging to play, otherwise the player might feel disengaged. Measures were subsequently taken to ensure the game was still healthily challenging, such as by reducing the life meter from eight bars (as was done in Super Mario 64 and Sunshine) to three. Coins were made rarer, health-restoring items.

EAD Tokyo was pressured to finish the game close to the Wii's launch, as several executives were disappointed by Super Mario Sunshine not being a GameCube launch title and thought that an earlier release could have helped the console's commercial performance. When Super Mario Galaxy was first shown off to the public during E3 2006, Miyamoto stated it would release within six months of the Wii's launch. However, EAD Tokyo felt it was more important to make a game they were really happy with, resulting in it launching eleven months after the Wii.

Pre-release and unused content

Main article: List of Super Mario Galaxy pre-release and unused content

When first showcased at E3 2006, Toads with star-shaped spots appeared in the game that provided the player hints and could transform into rabbits. Lumas serve this role in the final game. Rosalina was originally conceived as "related" to Princess Peach and had a similar design reflecting this. Bonefin Galaxy was intended to be much darker, as was Deep Dark Galaxy. These were changed in the interest of playability. Guppy was first envisioned as a friendly character and had a design comparable to the Dolphins from Super Mario World (1990). Artwork of Sea Slide Galaxy and Beach Bowl Galaxy suggests that they were conceived as a single galaxy, with Beach Bowl's main planet in the center of Sea Slide's ring. The staff were sentimental for this piece of concept art titled Fortress because it was one of the first drawings made during development. The planet shown in the art is not in the final game, but it has some similarities to Good Egg Galaxy, Beach Bowl Galaxy, and Bowser Jr.'s Robot Reactor. The development team wanted to incorporate Yoshi and he appears in the 2005 "Super Mario Revolution" proposal documents, but he is relegated to cameos in the final release.

Glitches

Main article: List of Super Mario Galaxy glitches

Floating Toad

The floating green Toad.

To perform this glitch, the player should go to the level "Tarantox's Tangled Web". Mario should go to the final planet where Tarantox is fought and launch the green Toad onto the platform. Then, the player should jump into the sling pod and launch Mario onto the same platform so it breaks. If the player looks at Toad closely, he can be seen floating.

Freezeflame Galaxy out of bounds glitch

To perform this glitch the player should go to the Freezeflame Galaxy's mission "Hot and Cold Collide". Mario should reach the second planet and triple-jump in the walkway between the sides of the planet. The player should use the slope-climbing glitch to reach the top of the planet. When the player walks on the planet, random textures of ice water will appear. The planet surface will also appear in the wrong spot or be invisible.

Notable promotions

Trading cards

Main article: List of Super Mario Galaxy trading cards

Trading cards were developed by EnterPlay to correspond with the release of Super Mario Galaxy. Each pack (called Fun Paks) contained two regular cards, a trivia card, a standee, and a temporary tattoo.

Buzz Aldrin promotional events

To correspond with its release in the United States, Nintendo of America hosted an event with MTV in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 3, 2007 where someone dressed as Mario entered the reduced-gravity aircraft G-Force One with former astronaut Buzz Aldrin. It was coordinated with the Zero Gravity Corporation, who owns the aircraft. Patches labeled "Super Mario Galaxy Flight Team" were created for the suits worn by Aldrin and the assisting crew.

On November 13, 2007, Aldrin attended a press event held by Nintendo Ibérica in Madrid, Spain alongside marketing director Nicolás Wegnez and Wii brand manager Ernesto Fernández, during which they demonstrated Co-Star Mode. Aldrin shared his impression of Super Mario Galaxy, noting that while he found it "quite the challenge" for someone who did not play video games, he felt it encouraged him to problem solve from new perspectives. He also felt that the game invoked one's imagination about space travel, similar to the science fiction comics of his youth.

Press Start 2008 concert

On September 14, 2008, Famitsu hosted the concert Press Start 2008 -Symphony of Games- at Bunkamura Orchard Hall. It was an intercompany celebration of video game music. One of Nintendo's contributions to the setlist was "Super Mario Galaxy 2008", a medley of the game's music arranged by Mahito Yokota and conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Koji Kondo and Yokota attended the event as guests. A recording of this piece is featured on a compact disc included with the Super Mario 25th Anniversary Commemorative Book published in 2010.

Super Mario-kun adaptation

The events of the game are adapted in three volumes of the manga Super Mario-kun. The first volume, 38, was published October 28, 2008 and follows the conclusion of a story arc based on Super Paper Mario (2007). It sees Mario becoming demoralized after failing to rescue Princess Peach during the Star Festival, but his confidence is restored by Rosalina and the Lumas. He travels across various galaxies alongside them and other characters from Super Mario Galaxy. In vol. 39, published March 27, 2009, Mario plays with most of the game's power-ups and rescues Luigi. The arc concludes in vol. 40, published November 27, 2009, and is followed by a storyline adapted from Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009).

Reception

Reviews

Super Mario Galaxy is universally acclaimed. It has an aggregated score of 97.64% from 78 reviews on GameRankings. By the time of its closure in 2019, Super Mario Galaxy was the highest rated game on the site to have at least 20 different reviews. Similarly, Super Mario Galaxy has a Metascore of 97/100 on Metacritic from 73 accredited outlets and 91% from 3,434 site users as of January 7, 2024, reaching the threshold for "Universal Acclaim" on both accounts. As of January 9, 2024, it has the fourth highest Metascore on the site, following The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, SoulCalibur (1999), and Grand Theft Auto IV (2008).

Reviewers have consistently praised the game's artistic fidelity, complimenting the character animations, lush vistas, environmental effects, enemy designs, audio design, and orchestrated soundtrack. Aaron Linde of Destructoid described Super Mario Galaxy as "one of the most beauitufl games [he]'s seen in years," while Penki Yamamoto of Famitsu remarked that the game looked so nice that it was enjoyable to just watch other people play. Controlling Mario was notably intuitive and comfortable, being instantly understandable for people who do not have a lot of experience with platform games while also feeling excellent for seasoned players. The level design of Super Mario Galaxy was widely praised as some of the best of any 3D platformer at the time, and regularly subverted the player's expectations. Several reviewers felt that there was no certainty on the scope or unique gameplay mechanic that would be introduced in a galaxy. "You just follow the fun, chasing star trails and distant glimmers across oceans of empty sky. Levels form and dissolve under your feet, rotating and revolving," as put by Margaret Robertson for Eurogamer. This unpredictability and variety was widely acclaimed. The game was often likened to Super Mario 64, succeeding the game in many respects and building upon the foundation of what it had established in the 3D platform genre. It was asserted to be a superior game to Super Mario Sunshine, which had a more tepid response from critics.

The controls that come directly from the unique capabilities of the Wii Remote, namely spinning and moving the Star Pointer, were viewed as some of the best integrations of the console's features at the time, and starkly contrasted with Wii games from other developers. Edge elaborated that the Pointer allowed the player to engage with the game in two different ways simultaneously, all without making it feel cumbersome. Ball rolling and ray surfing were praised as some of the best examples of motion controls on the console. The game's camera, and the ease with which it automatically followed the player, was viewed positively. Edge even described it as flawless. However, most reviewers noted that it would struggle in areas that would benefit from more manual control, such as in the sprawling Honeyhive Galaxy. For Matt Casamassina of IGN, the camera was one of the few issues he had with an otherwise near-flawless experience. In the decade following his review, he anticipated that Super Mario Galaxy would be celebrated as a classic, much like some of its predecessors.

Famitsu gave Super Mario Galaxy a score of 38/40, with critics highlighting the variability of mechanics and accessibility of the controls. Chris Scullion of Official Nintendo Magazine gave the game a 97%, referring to it the best game of the decade while praising its visuals, sound, and gameplay elements. In 2011, Super Mario Galaxy was ranked number fifty-first in Game Informer's "Top 200 Games of All Time". Nintendo Power ranked it as best mainline Super Mario game in its May 2012 issue and deemed Rosalina the "Best Supporting Character", stating "there are a lot of things in the Super Mario series that are fun, but very few are emotionally powerful; Rosalina is one of them." In their final issue, they ranked Super Mario Galaxy as the third greatest game of all time. In Japan, a 2021 poll conducted by TV Asahi with over 50,000 participants found Super Mario Galaxy amongst the top 100 video games of all time, ranked number 56. The game has been praised by Gregg Mayles, Warren Spector, and Tim Schafer.

In terms of criticism, the opening cutscenes of Super Mario Galaxy were viewed as superfluous and overdrawn by some. The lack of scripted voice acting for dialogue was more consistently criticized, especially during these cutscenes. Writing for VideoGamer, Tory Orry believed that Super Mario Galaxy would have benefited from having a more centralized, character-driven story like other games of its generation. Others believed narrative elements, such as Rosalina's Story, felt forced and needlessly dark in an otherwise joyful experience. Tim Rogers had a negative assessment of the game, feeling it spent too much time explaining actions to the player rather than building courses that intuitively convey them, as was done in Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario 64. He also felt Super Mario Galaxy was easy to a disengaging degree, a sentiment partially shared by some positive outlets as well. That being said, most critics felt the game struck an ideal, comfortable balance between being needlessly difficult and easy. In a 2018 review on his YouTube channel Nitro Rad, James Lewell noted that the levels in Super Mario Galaxy tend to funnel players down specific paths and do not encourage exploration in the same way its 3D predecessors do. Even if it was a more refined experience, he felt the open sandbox-styled design of Super Mario Sunshine was a superior direction for 3D Super Mario games. Scores and comments from some of the review outlets discussed above are provided below.

Reviews
Release	Reviewer, Publication	Score	Comment
Wii	Aaron Linde, Destructoid	9.6/10	"To say that they've succeeded almost isn't enough; Super Mario Galaxy is so incredible that it improves upon flaws in Mario 64 that I hadn't even noticed until, y'know, Galaxy did it better. And though there's little in the way of "innovation" of the genre, it's the refinement of the genre that solidifies Galaxy as the most essential platforming experience yet created."
Wii	Edge	10/10	"Since the end of the N64 era, as Nintendo has explored new pastures and methodically tended old ones, it's been easy to forget the times when every major release from the company felt like this. It's a bravura piece of design that pulls off stunts no one else has even thought of."
Wii	Margaret Robertson, Eurogamer	10/10	"The great challenge in making a follow-up to Mario 64 was always that to do it justice, you'd have to make a game which is as much its own as Mario 64 was. That's no easy task when you also have to integrate the traditions of two decades of Mario games and the expectations of millions of fans. Sunshine, despite its dazzle, ultimately collapsed under that weight, becoming repetitive and sometimes cumbersome as it tried to find the balance. Where Galaxy matches Mario 64 is not quite in its quality of execution - alongside the brilliance of some stars are others which fall a bit flat, and there isn't the overall sense of implacable perfection that that game had - but in its confidence and originality. Another decade needs to go by before we'll know whether it will come to be as revered as 64 did. For now, all that matters is that the waiting is finally over."
Wii	Alex Navarro, GameSpot	9.5/10	"The stellar presentation and fantastic level designs combine to make Super Mario Galaxy the Wii's game to beat and one of Mario's greatest adventures yet."
Wii	Matt Casamassina, IGN	9.7/10	"Galaxy isn't quite perfect. There are some minor issues -- tiny blemishes, if you will, hiding on the backside of a supermodel. There's the auto-camera, which works exceptionally well most of the time, but every so often stumbles. And there's the overall difficulty -- a little too easy to 60 stars and to defeat bosses for my tastes. But even with these potential drawbacks, Nintendo's Tokyo studio has created a platformer that deserves its place among the very best and will surely be remembered in another decade as a classic."
Wii	Anthony Dickens, Nintendo Life	10/10	"Super Mario Galaxy is a fantastic game, a game that displays Nintendo's continuing ambition to explore the possibilities of a 3D platformer, something that no-one else has really managed to do. It's considerably better than Super Mario Sunshine on all accounts, with the new emphasis on gravity it becomes once again a game that requires skill and timing rather than just an exploratory mind. This will be an instant hit and surely go down as one of the best Mario games. A must have for all."
Wii	Tom Orry, VideoGamer	9/10	"In the hands of anyone who's been longing for a true sequel to Mario 64, Super Mario Galaxy could well be the game of the year, but it's nowhere near as revolutionary as Mario 64."
Aggregators
Compiler		Platform / Score
Metacritic		97
GameRankings		97.64%

Sales

Super Mario Galaxy was a commercial success, selling 350,000 units in Japan within its first few weeks of sale. In the United States, the game sold over 500,000 units within its first week of release, earning it the highest first-week sales for a Super Mario game in the country at the time. Within its first two days on sale in the United Kingdom, the game was the fifth best selling piece of software. In 2008, Nintendo reported that the game was one of the titles that significantly contributed to a rise of console sales for the proceeding fiscal year. Super Mario Galaxy has the ninth best lifetime sales of all Wii software and the third best of software to have never been bundled with the console, having sold 12.8 million copies worldwide as of September 30, 2023.

Accolades

Among game media outlets, Super Mario Galaxy was regarded as 2007's "Game of the Year" by the editing staff of IGN, GameSpot, Kotaku, Yahoo! Games, GameTrailers, and Edge. It received the award for "Best Audio Design" from Edge as well in their annually published "Edge Awards".

Within a month of the game's release, Super Mario Galaxy won two awards at Spike TV's 2007 Video Game Awards in the United States. The game subsequently received thirteen nominations from six different organizations throughout 2008. On February 8th, the game won the award for "Adventure Game of the Year" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences at the 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. It was nominated in five other categories, including "Overall Game of the Year" for which it was a finalist. At the 8th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards on February 22, Super Mario Galaxy received nominations in two categories, one of which was another "Game of the Year" award. In March, the game was nominated for five awards and won two at the 7th Annual NAVGTR Awards from the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. In Japan, Super Mario Galaxy won "Game of the Year" alongside Capcom's Monster Hunter Freedom 2 at the 2007 Famitsu Awards. It was graciously accepted by Yoshiaki Koizumi. At the Japan Game Awards 2008, the game received the "award for excellence" in the Game of the Year Division from the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association. The game was nominated for three awards at the Golden Joystick Awards 2008 later that year.

During 2009, in what was recognized as a "surprise" by the BBC, Super Mario Galaxy won "Best Game" at the 5th British Academy Games Awards and was the first Nintendo game to ever receive the award. It was accepted on behalf of the development team by senior product manager Rob Lowe, who took the opportunity to defend the title against claims that it is not a "gamer's game." Super Mario Galaxy was nominated for the "Gameplay" and "Use of Audio" awards as well, but lost to Activision's Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare and Electronic Arts' Dead Space, respectively. At the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards, Super Mario Galaxy was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" a year after its sequel was. It lost to Just Dance 3. Each organization to recognize Super Mario Galaxy and its respective award nominations are listed below.

Awards
Date	Organization	Country	Award	Result	Ref.
9 Dec. 2007	Spike Video Game Awards	United States	Best Action Game	Won
			Best Wii Game	Won
8 Feb. 2008	Interactive Achievement Awards	United States	Overall Game of the Year	Nominated
			Console Game of the Year	Nominated
			Adventure Game of the Year	Won
			Outstanding Innovation in Gaming	Nominated
			Outstanding Achievement in Game Design	Nominated
			Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering	Nominated
22 Feb. 2008	Game Developers Choice Awards	United Kingdom	Game of the Year	Nominated
			Game Design	Nominated
25 Mar. 2008	NAVGTR Awards	United States	Game of the Year	Nominated
			Control Design	Won
			Control Precision	Nominated
			Game Design	Nominated
			Game Sequel Children's	Won
26 Apr. 2008	Famitsu Awards	Japan	Game of the Year	Won
9 Oct. 2008	Japan Game Awards	Japan	Award for excellence	Won
31 Oct. 2008	Golden Joystick Awards	United Kingdom	The Sun Family Game of the Year	Nominated
			Nintendo Game of the Year	Nominated
			BBC 1Xtra Soundtrack of the Year	Nominated
10 Mar. 2009	British Academy Games Awards	United Kingdom	Best Game	Won
			Gameplay	Nominated
			Use of Audio	Nominated
31 Mar. 2012	Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards	United States	Favorite Video Game	Nominated

Controversy

Super Mario Galaxy was the first Super Mario game to be officially localized to French for Quebec. This region had previously received games in English. This followed a deal between the Office québécois de la langue française and the video game industry to have every game available for that region in French by 2009. In the Quebec localization, non-playable characters (particularly the Lumas and the Toad Brigade) make heavy use of Joual, a social dialect of Quebec French. This localization choice sparked a minor controversy, with representatives of the Office québécois de la langue française and the Union des artistes criticizing it for promoting poor literacy to children. Nintendo of Canada marketing director Farjad Iravani stated that Joual was integrated to "localize the game for the market" in mind, with Quebec making up 25% of Canadian sales for Nintendo at the time.

Following the negative press surrounding Super Mario Galaxy and the similarly localized The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass (2007), nearly all subsequent Québécois releases have been in standard French. As of 2024, the only exception has been Paper Mario: Sticker Star (2012), which also features the Joual dialect.

Themes

Mario after being stirred by the Apricot Luma towards the beginning of the game, with his home world far in the distance and unreachable. This was a particularly resonant moment for Jacob Geller.

Super Mario Galaxy has been noted for its narrative themes, the very presence of which has been described as exceptional when compared to other titles in the Super Mario series. The game explores themes of isolation, grief, found family, acceptance, and rebirth.

The game invokes feelings of isolation and sadness through its outer space setting. Most galaxies are enveloped by vast, dark skies pierced by stars and distant suns. There are story scenarios, missions, locations, and musical cues interlaced in the game that intentionally draw attention away from its more vigorous, joyful elements to focus on the dispassionate coldness of space, amplifying Mario's relative insignificance to a vast, endless universe. Video essayist Jacob Geller notes that these conditions give the player a moment to decompress after action-orientated gameplay and foster contemplativeness. Such conditions are interpreted as existentialistic and sad, but not despairing. Grace Benfell of GameSpot describes the evoked feeling as an "existential, joyful melancholy."

Benfell also comments on the integration of Lumas in the game. The childlike creatures are predestined to become celestial bodies at the end of their life cycles. The objects Mario directly interacts with are implied (and sometimes even directly demonstrated) to have once been Lumas themselves, with Launch Stars having once been yellow Lumas, Pull Stars once blue ones, and so on. As a gameplay mechanic, Hungry Lumas permanently transform into wholly new planets and galaxies once fed a requested number of Star Bits. These planets are instantaneously lush with flora and sometimes already bear communities of people and creatures living on them. As Benfell argues, this mechanic implies everything in the game, from whole worlds to animals to small objects, are "made" out of Lumas. This interpretation is confirmed directly in the game. The cycle of rebirth in Lumas likely derives from the life cycle of real stars and the knowledge that the majority of elements, including all the ones that make up living things, were created and distributed across the universe by dying stars. Benfell equates transformation with death, an often negative theme in art. However, she elaborates that it is in dying that new life comes to be, including newborn Lumas, so it is an essential component to how the universe functions in an entropic cycle of continuous rebirth.

The game's themes are most deeply and explicitly channeled through the characterization of Rosalina. As overseer of the domestic Comet Observatory and caretaker of the Lumas, she is widely perceived as a maternal figure that supports a warm, securing environment only amplified by the contrasting, cold backdrop of space. She is also presented as a figure of reliable support with godlike abilities. She is omnipotent, wise, and a timeless entity that has lived for centuries. Mario cannot be harmed on the Comet Observatory, and it is implied that she is the one who brings him back to safety if he falls off the side. No harm can come to the player as long as they are with her.

However, despite the security and warmth she radiates, she is simultaneously presented as reserved, longing, and melancholic. The context for this is not explained to the player unless they enter the library on the observatory, an optional element of the game not tied to any completion criteria. It is here that she reads a storybook detailing her past. Long ago, Rosalina lived on Mario's home world. Her mother died while she was a child, and she was still grieving that loss when she encountered one of the Apricot Luma's predecessors. He too had lost his mother before crash-landing on her world, and he was waiting for her to return to him. Rosalina befriended and chose to wait for her with him. After several years of waiting, they traveled into space to directly look for her. It is while in space that Rosalina takes on the role of "mama" for the Luma, when he comes to tearfully accept that his mother is really gone. Over time, more lost Lumas come to Rosalina and recognize her as their mother. Towards the story's emotional climax, with Rosalina overwhelmed with memories of her mother, the Apricot Luma transforms into a comet so that she may be able to travel the stars and visit her home world again. It is through this selfless act that Rosalina realized that she was not truly alone. She realized her own purpose in life, embracing the role of mother for the Lumas, her family, as her own mother did for her.

Sociologist Ciara Cremin of the University of Auckland adapted Gilles Deleuze's analysis of cinema to Super Mario Galaxy, providing a foundation for how video games can be studied as a discrete artform. She understood it to be a masterpiece of the form.

Legacy

Shigeru Miyamoto considers Super Mario Galaxy to be the "true" sequel to Super Mario 64, not Super Mario Sunshine. Though originally not characterized as such, the game has been internally recognized as a different type of 3D game from its predecessors and for having directly informed the structure of the subsequent three 3D Super Mario games, collectively called the course clear-style games. One of these games, Super Mario Galaxy 2, is a direct sequel and the first one to have been released on the same console as its predecessor since Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. Building upon the first game's design principals, its courses are more linear and reliant on 2D sections. The outer space theming is subdued. Gameplay components like the world map and Prankster Comets are less complex. The hub world is smaller than the Comet Observatory, and the unique narrative elements of Super Mario Galaxy are muted. These changes were made to further foster accessibility to a wider audience and reduce dependency on camera controls.

The design of 3D Super Mario was further streamlined in Super Mario 3D Land and Super Mario 3D World, the other two course clear-style games. They were perceived to have adopted more design principals from the concurrent New Super Mario Bros. games than the hakoniwa ones of their 3D predecessors. Super Mario Odyssey was the first 3D game to not be explicitly tied to Super Mario Galaxy in fifteen years, but it still incorporated elements derived from the game. The Moon Kingdom was created to contrast with Super Mario Galaxy specifically, with more realistic topography. Gravity is generally weaker in the lunar kingdoms, making jumps floatier, and a few 2D areas include spherical worlds. Kenta Motokura cites the game as the inspiration behind Snapshot Mode. Multi Moons are analogous to Grand Stars, as are the Royal Seeds of Super Mario Bros. Wonder (2023).

Iconography from Super Mario Galaxy has been incorporated into nearly all space-themed settings in subsequent spinoff games. Rosalina has become a recurring character in the mainline games and spinoffs. She often appears alongside older Super Mario characters in physical Nintendo advertisements, such as at Narita International Airport. Lumas, Star Bits, and the Toad Brigade have also become recurring elements in the franchise. The Toad Brigade Captain has appeared in five subsequent mainline games and even starred in a dedicated title. The starting planet of Gateway Galaxy appears on the Yoshi's Adventure ride at Super Nintendo World. For more specific callbacks to Super Mario Galaxy, see below.

Super Mario Galaxy was the last game directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi, who has taken on producorial roles for subsequent Super Mario projects. From 2013 to 2023, he was the representative director at 1-UP Studio, a sister studio to Nintendo EAD largely dedicated to developing 3D Super Mario games. The level-design director for Super Mario Galaxy, Koichi Hayashida, inherited the role of director for all subsequent course clear-style 3D titles. Super Mario Galaxy was the last Super Mario title to see "serious" involvement from Miyamoto until Super Mario Run (2016).

Super Mario Galaxy was not the first video game to integrate spherical worlds that pan under the player character's feet. However, it is often the de facto example of spherical world design, with games that touch upon similar concepts often likened to Super Mario Galaxy, even if they were published before it. That being said, few games have even attempted to integrate the 3D spherical world design of Super Mario Galaxy. From Nintendo themselves, Super Mario Galaxy 2 was the last game to incorporate those types of levels. In 2008, Fantawild published a knockoff for the Chinese market titled Duludubi Star that includes spherical worlds. Rosalina was proposed as a new playable character in the earliest phases of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U, explicitly with the desire to replicate the feel of Super Mario Galaxy in her aerial movements. The game has been cited as a source of inspiration for Armillo (2014), Gravity Ghost (2015), Gears 5 (2019), Solar Ash (2021), and Mario + Rabbids: Sparks of Hope (2022).

Rereleases and ports

North American box art for Super Mario 3D All-Stars.

Wii U eShop

The game was added to the Wii U eShop in late 2015 and early 2016, five months after its sequel was released on the console. It remained available for purchase on the eShop until its closure on March 27, 2023. It was the seventh Wii game distributed on the eShop and one of the 35 overall to ever be released. The game was not ported or uniquely modified for this release. Rather, the Wii U is backwards compatible with nearly all Wii software (including the physical discs) and console peripherals. A Wii game can be played directly on the console by accessing the Wii Menu through the Wii U Menu. Save data from the original Wii console can be transferred to the Wii U system. When booting up a Wii game purchased on the Wii U eShop, it runs as if the game's disc was inserted into the console, loads it through the Wii Menu, and accesses the same save data (if it exists) on the console. The Wii U GamePad can be used to pause the game and return to the Wii U Menu, but it otherwise can only be controlled with the Wii Remote and Nunchuk.

Nvidia Shield TV

Super Mario Galaxy was rereleased to the Nvidia Shield TV microconsole and digitally distributed on March 22, 2018, exclusively in China. It was the first of six Wii games to be made available on the Nvidia Shield TV. It remained available for download until late 2021, when all Wii games were removed from the Shield. The game was emulated on the console, enabling it to run at 1080p. Sprites and textures were upscaled to match the higher-definition display. Inputs have been modified for the more conventional Shield controller, which cannot track motion like the Wii Remote can (see above). Unused assets present in the data of the Wii release were removed. The game was officially localized into Chinese (Simplified Chinese) by iQue. As the Shield does not support Miis, they are not available for save file icons in this version of Super Mario Galaxy. The copyright information displays "© 2007-2008 Nintendo". It is unclear what 2008 means in this context, but it potentially refers to the year Super Mario Galaxy was planned for release on the iQue Wii before the console failed to make its way into the Chinese market.

Super Mario 3D All-Stars

Main article: Super Mario 3D All-Stars

In correspondence with the 35th anniversary of Super Mario Bros., Nintendo released Super Mario 3D All-Stars for the Nintendo Switch on September 18, 2020 worldwide. It is a compilation that includes upscaled versions of Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine in addition to Super Mario Galaxy. This version of the game is comparable to the Nvidia Shield TV release and they share similar revisions, though it does not include the Chinese localization. It only offers menu translation for the Chinese-speaking audience. This is reportedly due to the translation not being fully owned by Nintendo. Like the Shield version, Miis cannot be chosen as save icons even though the Switch has an integrated Mii creation tool. The compilation had a limited physical release at retail outlets and was available to download on the Switch's eShop until March 31, 2021. The official description of Super Mario Galaxy in the compilation is as follows:

It's the night of the Star Festival, and Star Bits are falling from the sky! As everyone celebrates, Bowser suddenly appears and lifts the castle—and Princess Peach—into space, leaving Mario stranded in orbit! It's here that Mario meets a curious star child, Luma, and a mysterious woman in blue...This game introduced new ways to control Mario, like pointing and shaking the Wii Remote, as he explores miniature planets with fun forms of gravity.

References to other games

• Super Mario Bros.: Fire Mario appears. One side of a planet looks like Small Mario's sprite while the other resembles Small Luigi's. The backgrounds of several galaxies are based on the sprites in this game. "Super Mario 2007" is an arrangement of "Ground Theme". "Space Athletic" is an arrangement of "Underground Theme". "Cosmic Comet" incorporates both pieces. Collecting notes sometimes plays the "Underground Theme" or "Underwater Theme".
• The Legend of Zelda: Electrogoombas and Roctos resemble Octoroks. Bats resemble Keese.
• Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels: Luigi jumps higher and has worse traction than Mario.
• Super Mario Bros. 2: Luigi scuttles his legs when he performs a Triple Jump.
• Super Mario Bros. 3: Airships appear. Montys behave like Rocky Wrenches. "Blue Sky Athletic" and "Airship Armada" are arrangements of "Athletic Theme" and "Airship Theme", respectively.
• Super Mario World: Yoshi makes several cameos. Magikoopas, Mecha-Bowsers, Torpedo Teds, and Urchins appear. A planet is shaped like a Yoshi's Egg.
• Mario Kart series: Red Shells home-in on nearby targets when thrown.
• Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island: The Magikoopa in the opening cutscene is localized in English as "Kamek".
• Super Mario 64: Princess Peach invites Mario to her castle at the beginning of the game. Levels are completed by collecting Power Stars. Rabbits, a manta ray, penguins, Tox Boxes, and Bomps appear. Tarantox has suction cup-like feet, a trait shared with Scuttlebugs and Skeeters. "The Fiery Stronghold" is an arrangement of "Koopa's Road". After the credits, an ending screen is displayed where Mario says "Thank you so much for playing my game!"
• The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time: Ice bats resemble Ice Keese.
• Paper Mario: Bowser abducts Princess Peach by pulling her castle into the sky. A race of celestial star children have a prominent role in the story.
• Luigi's Mansion: "Luigi and the Haunted Mansion" parodies and subverts this title, with Mario rescuing Luigi from a powerful ghost.
• Super Mario Sunshine: Cataquacks and Pokey Heads appear. Variants of Plurps and Wind Spirits called Cluckbooms and Bone Twisters, respectively, are introduced. Fire Shooters and Water Shooters resemble FLUDD. The first boss resembles Petey Piranha. The goal in ray surfing is shaped like a Shine Sprite.
• Mario Kart: Double Dash!!: Several Toads in the prologue resemble Toadette.
• Super Mario 64 DS: Silver Stars appear.
• Donkey Kong Jungle Beat: Banandelions appear. Guppy has the same Japanese name as Orco.

References in later media

Screenshot of the June 2008 Tournament from Mario Kart Wii, featuring Spiky Topmen on Galaxy Colosseum.

Promotional poster of Rosalina & Luma in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U, an allusion to the original game's boxart.

• Mario Kart Wii: Rosalina is a playable character and is easier to unlock if the player has Super Mario Galaxy save data on their system. Star Bits surround Rainbow Road, and "Egg Planet" is incorporated as a countermelody to the course's theme music. Spiky Topmen appear as bosses in multiple online tournaments on a course named Galaxy Colosseum. The countdown sequence for ray surfing and Bob-omb Blasting was repurposed for the sequence for starting races and battles in this game.
• Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story: Bowser can use a rolling move similar to one he can perform during "The Fate of the Universe".
• Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (Wii): Both the Individual and Team versions of Dream Ski Jumping take place in the Good Egg Galaxy. Several music tracks from Super Mario Galaxy are available in the in-game shop.
• New Super Mario Bros. Wii: During the credits, Princess Peach can be heard reading a version of the letter she sends to Mario at the beginning of Super Mario Galaxy. Clampys return in this game.
• Super Mario Galaxy 2: A dedicated sequel with many shared elements.
• Super Mario 3D Land: An arrangement of "Waltz of the Boos" is used for this game's Ghost Houses.
• Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (Wii): Dream Spacewalk takes place in Synchro Battle Galaxy, a location partially based on Good Egg Galaxy. The event also features sound effects from Super Mario Galaxy and characters can spin. Dream Hurdles takes place in the Battlerock Galaxy. Rearrangements of the music pieces "Dino Piranha", "Battlerock Galaxy", and "Purple Comet" appear in the game. A Mii outfit based on Bee Mario can be unlocked in the game, and Mario's special dash has also been updated to resemble the spin.
• Mario Kart 7: Queen Bee can be unlocked as a playable character. The Comet Observatory, Gateway Galaxy's starting planet, a Starshroom, and several domes appear in the background of Rosalina's Ice World.
• Mario Party 9: "Enter Bowser Jr.!" was rearranged for some of the minigames with Bowser Jr.
• Mario Tennis Open: A Luma can be unlocked as a playable character. Galaxy Arena is based on this game, with "Rosalina in the Observatory" rearranged for the court's background music. "Egg Planet" was remixed for the music in Galaxy Rally, itself influenced by Super Mario Galaxy. The Comet Observatory appears in the background of the title screen.
• Paper Mario: Sticker Star: "Waltz of the Boos" was arranged for part of the Enigmansion's background music. Another, big-band-styled version plays when the Boos escape from the Book of Sealing.
• Mario Party: Island Tour: Rocket Road is based on this game and "Egg Planet" is incorporated into the board's background music. Rosalina and Lumas appear in the background.
• Super Mario 3D World: Rosalina and the Toad Brigade Captain appear as playable characters. Rosalina's unique attack is the spin. Electrogoombas, Lumas, and the Comet Observatory appear in Super Galaxy, itself based on Super Mario Galaxy. Star Bits appear in the background of special worlds that occur in outer space. The original "Rosalina in the Observatory" plays in World Crown. "Champion Road" is an arrangement of "Gusty Garden Galaxy". "Captain Toad Goes Forth" is an elaboration on "The Toad Brigade".
• Mario Golf: World Tour: Rosalina is a DLC character. Mario's Star uses elements from Super Mario Galaxy. "The Honeyhive" was rearranged for the background music of Wiggler Park.
• Mario Kart 8: The airline company Galaxy Air uses a Luma as its mascot. "Gusty Garden Galaxy" was rearranged for a portion of "Cloudtop Cruise".
• Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U: Rosalina & Luma appear as newcomers. In the Wii U version, Mario Galaxy is based on this game and resembles Gateway Galaxy's starting planet. Trophies of Apricot Luma, The Toad Brigade, Bee Mario, Boo Mario, Spring Mario, and Rainbow Mario appear in the game. There is a Trophy Box dedicated to this game. "Rosalina in the Observatory / Luma's Theme" and "Egg Planet" are rearrangements of the original game's music.
• Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker: The red Starshroom appears.
• Mario Party 10: An arrangement of "Rosalina in the Observatory" titled "Rosalina's Theme" can be heard when Rosalina's amiibo is being controlled in amiibo Party.
• Puzzle & Dragons: Super Mario Bros. Edition: Rosalina, Bee Mario, and Boo Mario appear as Helpers for the player's team. "Gusty Garden Galaxy" music is used in the game's credits.
• Super Mario Maker: The victory and death themes from Super Mario Galaxy are used when the Rosalina costume completes a level or loses a life, respectively.
• Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games: An arrangement of "Rosalina in the Observatory" is available as a track.
• Mario Party: Star Rush: "Gusty Garden Galaxy" is one of the songs in the Rhythm Recital mode for this game.
• Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle: Bee Mushrooms can be found on tubes of honey.
• Super Mario Odyssey: An 8-bit character of Rosalina appears in Dark Side and Darker Side. "The Odyssey: Power Up!" is an arrangement of the fanfare that plays when Mario collects a new power-up. The regional coins in the Moon Kingdom are shaped like Star Bits. There is a musical Easter egg on the pause menu where when pausing and selecting options, a simple arrangement of "Rosalina in the Observatory" can be heard.
• Super Smash Bros. Ultimate: With the exception of trophies, all of the elements related to Super Mario Galaxy from Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U - including Rosalina & Luma - return. They have a revised Final Smash that uses the Grand Star. Boo Mario, Luma, Hungry Luma, and Queen Bee appears as spirits and use their artwork from Super Mario Galaxy. Queen Bee runs a Dojo.
• Super Mario Maker 2: The Wii sound effect causes "Gusty Garden Galaxy" music to play on a level.
• Mario Kart Tour: Ice Mario is a playable driver.
• Dr. Mario World: World 8 is based on the game. The Comet Observatory and planets from Good Egg Galaxy appear in the background. Dr. Rosalina and Dr. Luma were introduced with World 8 in October, 2019.
• Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope: Rabbid Rosalina is a playable character. The antagonist Cursa possesses Rosalina herself for most of the game. Sparks are part Luma. An arrangement of "Rosalina in the Observatory" plays when Rabbid Rosalina obtains a Purified Darkmess Energy Crystal. A music box rendition of the main melody's first three notes also plays when Rabbid Rosalina uses her Ennui move. An arrangement of the theme also plays when Rabbid Rosalina is introduced in the game's cinematic trailer.
• The Super Mario Bros. Movie: A Lumalee and bats are in the movie. "The Toad Brigade" is incorporated into "Strange New World". The piece overall is associated with Toad. An arrangement of "Gusty Garden Galaxy" plays in the credits.

Gallery

For this subject's image gallery, see Gallery:Super Mario Galaxy.

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  Mario floating with a blue Luma

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  Bee Luigi

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  Concept art of the Toad Brigade in their Starshroom

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  Illustration from chapter 9 of Rosalina's Story

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  Wii Message Board award for collecting 240 Power Stars

Names in other languages

Language	Name	Meaning
Japanese	スーパーマリオギャラクシー Sūpā Mario Gyarakushī	Super Mario Galaxy
Chinese (simplified)	超级马力欧银河 Chāojí Mǎlìōu Yínhé	Super Mario Galaxy
Chinese (traditional)	超級瑪利歐銀河 Chāojí Mǎlìōu Yínhé	Super Mario Galaxy
Korean	슈퍼 마리오 Wii 갤럭시 어드벤처 Syupeo Mario Wii Gaelleoksi Eodeubencheo	Super Mario Wii: Galaxy Adventure

Trivia

• Coincidentally, the title "Super Mario Galaxy" was first mentioned in a fan letter written to Nintendo Power in 1991. The letter details a fantasy game console called the "Raw Power System" that would come bundled with a game named "Super Mario Galaxy", otherwise known as "Super Mario Bros. 24".
• Insomniac Games' marketing director, Ryan Schneider, believed the game's spherical world concept potentially derived from Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando and Up Your Arsenal, which he thought was "flattering." When asked if this was a correct observation in an interview with Official Nintendo Magazine, Shigeru Miyamoto shared he was unfamiliar with the Ratchet & Clank games and did not even know what consoles they were on.
• An automated phone message sent to people who preordered the game at GameStop incorrectly stated Super Mario Galaxy is a Mature-rated game.
• The galaxy image in the Super Mario Galaxy wordmark derives from this photograph of the Andromeda Galaxy.
• Super Mario Galaxy has been used in neurobiology research to investigate how consistent engagement with interactive stimuli affects grey matter in elderly people.
• This game does not have a Dutch translation, as Nintendo of Europe did not localize games into that language at the time. Despite this, one single message in the game was translated, being the prompt to insert the Nunchuk into the Wii Remote.
• The game was released under the name Super Mario Wii: Galaxy Adventure in South Korea because "galaxy" was already a registered trademark there.

References

External links

• Mario Portal Game Archive (EN) (archive)
• Mario Portal Game Archive (JP)
• noclip.website
• Official Chinese site (archived)
• Official Japanese instruction booklet
• Official Japanese site
• Official Korean site (archived)
• Official North American English site (archived)
• Official North American instruction booklet (EN/FR/ES)