Iggy Koopa

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Iggy Koopa (known as Hop Koopa in the cartoons) is the fourth oldest of the Koopalings, a seven-member clan loyal to Bowser. The Koopalings were originally depicted as Bowser's children in Super Mario Bros. 3 and various media released after their debut, however almost all subsequent games seemed to ignore this aspect of their characterization, and in 2012, Shigeru Miyamoto confirmed that Nintendo's current story was that the Koopalings were not Bowser's children, having been replaced by Bowser Jr.[1]. Iggy is depicted as a demented, mechanical genius. His two main outstanding physical characteristics are his glasses and green hair (originally pink, light blue, and yellow). He is very recently shown to be the thinnest of the Koopalings. Iggy is named after Iggy Pop, a famous punk rock singer and leader of the band The Stooges.

History

Super Mario series

Super Mario Bros. 3

Mario faces Iggy in Super Mario Bros. 3.
IggySMB3Ani.gif

Iggy's first appearance is in Super Mario Bros. 3, in which he aids Bowser in his plot to conquer all the Mushroom World. Using his army and weaponry, Iggy takes control of Big Island, the king of which, he turned into a dinosaur (or a Donkey Kong Jr. look-alike in remakes) using his own stolen Magic Scepter.

Iggy can be found and battled by Mario in the cabin of his personal Airship, which is heavily guarded by various traps. In battle, Iggy tries to either jump on to Mario or shoot magical blasts of energy at him using his Magic Scepter. After being jumped on three times by Mario, Iggy is defeated, and he relinquishes the Magic Scepter of Big Island's ruler.

Super Mario World

Super Mario World: Artwork of Iggy Koopa, with his trademark glasses
Iggy, as he appeared in Super Mario World.

Sometime after Super Mario Bros. 3, the Koopalings return in Super Mario World, aiding Bowser in his conquest of Dinosaur Land. When Dinosaur Land is successfully subjugated by Bowser's forces, Iggy is given reign over Yoshi's Island, in a castle where he guards a Yoshi trapped within an egg. This castle is called #1 Iggy's Castle in the game.

Located deep within his castle, Iggy fights Mario by charging at him on a platform floating haphazardly in lava; Iggy is only be knocked back by Mario's attacks. This pattern is similar to that of a Bully or a Bumpty. Iggy also throws balls at Mario when he has time. Iggy is defeated by Mario by being knocked backwards and into the lava surrounding the platform.

The in-game text in the English SNES version of Super Mario World that described Iggy as "demented" is changed into "crazed" in the Game Boy Advance version. This is most likely because some people sometimes classify the word 'demented' as inappropriate.

New Super Mario Bros. Wii

File:Mario vs Iggy Koopa.PNG
Iggy's tower battle, in New Super Mario Bros. Wii.

Iggy and the other Koopalings return in New Super Mario Bros. Wii as the final bosses of each world. He has changed the most out of all the Koopalings from the old games, as he is now taller, thinner and his hair colour has changed from rainbow to solid green and is styled somewhat like the base of a flower. His shell is still green like before, though it is more of a lighter shade and is the same colour as his new hair-do. He is also shown to be very hyperactive, and can be heard giggling maniacally to himself when the player walks down the corridor towards his room in the castle. Because of his hyperactivity, he's now also the fastest of the Koopalings.

Iggy is first encountered in the World 5 tower. When he first sees Mario, he is falsely shocked by his appearance, and then, he taunts him by slapping his behind. Here, he jumps between the main floor and three moving platforms. Iggy also shoots green fireballs from his wand to attack Mario and appears to cast the fireballs faster than his other siblings. After he is stomped on three times, Iggy retreats to the castle deeper into World 5.

When Mario encounters him in the castle, Iggy is in a carriage attached to an average-size Chain Chomp. Kamek suddenly flies in and triples the Chain Chomp's size. Mario must get behind the Chain Chomp and attack Iggy, who still shoots fireballs from his wand. If Mario strikes Iggy, the Chain Chomp turns red, turns around its direction, and starts moving fast for a short time. After Mario hits Iggy twice, the Chain Chomp becomes faster, giving Mario less time to react. Eventually, however, Iggy is defeated, and Mario gains the key to leave the castle and move on to World 6. Because of the nature of his "boss fight" against Mario, he is the only Koopaling who doesn't tuck into his shell when stomped on. Instead, he collapses and is knocked out while flailing.

Iggy survives the battle, however, and is seen along with the other Koopalings getting Bowser back up, only to have Bowser's castle fall on top of them.

New Super Mario Bros. 2

Iggy as he appears in New Super Mario Bros. 2.

Alongside the rest of the Koopalings, Iggy returns in New Super Mario Bros. 2 as one of the bosses in the game. He is the boss of World 2-Castle. After beating Roy, Mario encountered Iggy with Princess Peach, the former of whom proceeded to once again taunt Mario by slapping his behind at him before making off with her. Before battling Mario, Iggy will taunt him once again before entering his carriage. In his battle, he will once again sit in a carriage with a Chain Chomp attached to it and he will use his wand to shoot green fireballs, much like in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, although this time, the Boss room is designed differently, so the Chain Chomp has more paths to go. Also, his pet Chomp isn´t as big as in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, either because it wasn't magically enhanced or to fit the Nintendo 3DS's screen size. Once again, after stomping on Iggy, the Chomp will get angry, though it'll exit the room from the top or bottom and will continue. Because of the recycled battle from the Wii version, Iggy is the only Koopaling who doesn't attack in his shell. After the second stomp, the Chomp will start getting quicker. After three stomps on the head, Iggy is defeated, leaving the key to World 3. Like in his castle boss fight in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, he is the only Koopaling to not tuck into his shell when stomped on, for the same reasons as why he didn't in Wii. Conversely, Morton Koopa Jr. in 2 doesn't spend a limited amount of time in his shell upon being stomped due to the nature of his boss fight.

Iggy survived the encounter, and rejoined his comrades at Bowser's castle, where they attempted to petrify Mario with their Koopa Clown Car's petrification device. He also aided Bowser alongside the rest of the Koopalings by causing him to grow larger, but it resulted in him and the others being knocked into a lava pit by Bowser due to his increased size. He and the other Koopalings survived, however, and attempted to help Bowser by airlifting him with the Koopa Clown Car, but this resulted in it crashing due to it being unable to handle the combined weight of both them and Bowser. Iggy was closest to the crash site, sitting stunned near the crashed Koopa Clown Car alongside Lemmy (the latter of whom was lying down on top of the crashed car, close to the propeller).

The New Super Mario Bros. 2 guide mistakenly calls Iggy Koopa Larry Koopa

New Super Mario Bros. U

File:IggybattleNSMBU.png
Mario and Luigi fighting Iggy Koopa.

Iggy Koopa, along with the rest of the Koopalings, Bowser Jr. and Boom Boom, returns in New Super Mario Bros. U. He serves as the boss of Soda Jungle, similar to his role of being the World 5 in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, as well as Big Island from Super Mario Bros. 3 as the world is also giant-themed. When Iggy is encountered, just like in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, he'll fake shock at Mario's arrival, before laughing it off. Iggy uses the four warp pipes to run around the room and make it harder for the player to stomp on him as he uses his Magic Wand to shoot three fireballs, some being his usual green flame, and the other red orbs that generate Magmaarghs when they land into the lava below. When Iggy is stomped on, he will dash around the room in his shell using the pipes on the walls, which will switch him to the other side of the room. Unlike the other Koopalings where they spin in their shells and change directions at the edges or walls of the room, Iggy can actually change directions anywhere around the room during his duration in his shell. After 3 stomps, the lava below will drain out of the room, and Iggy will fall off screen, leaving his airship to be destroyed.

Iggy has four green pipes on each wall just like Wendy has in New Super Mario Bros 2. The only difference is that Wendy has blue pipes and Iggy has green pipes, and that Wendy uses her pipes to summon enemies, while Iggy uses his pipes to traverse the cabin and keep the Mario Bros. on their toes.

Iggy has his own personalized airship, with his face as the bow, and his green-colored shell at the top. The stern of his ship has a dark green color design, similar to his former shell color from past appearances. Unlike the other airships, Iggy's ship has two propellers on the back instead of one. There is another propeller at the top of the ship just below the crow's nest. The ship is equipped with two cannons, one on each side. The cannons also have purple lids on top used for opening and closing them. The hull is plated with metal, which is used to carry the lava in his airship. His airship is thinnest of all the Koopalings' ships, which is a reference to his skinny body. Iggy's airship seems to fly faster than others, which in addition to being a reference to the fact that Iggy is the fastest Koopaling, is because of the power generated by the two propellers at the back of the ship. The cabin of the ship is completely filled with metallic walls. The room has rectangular shaped windows as well as having four pipes, two on each side of the room with two of them on the ceiling and the other two on the floor. The bottom of the room below the platform is able to carry lava.

Super Mario anime series

In the Super Mario anime series, Iggy and the Koopalings appear in the series' first story, Momotarō, where they aid Bowser in kidnapping Princess Peach. The Koopalings also appear in the series' third story, once again as minions of Bowser (now the Wicked Queen). Iggy ends up beaten by Mario.

DIC Cartoons

Hop Koopa in The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3
Hop Koopa.

In The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World produced by DIC Entertainment and Nintendo, Iggy is renamed Hop Koopa and he, along with his twin, Hip Koopa, are portrayed as the youngest of the Koopa Kids. Unlike some of the other Koopa Kids, Hop closely resembles his game artwork. Hop and Hip are constantly seen together, and the duo are constantly pulling pranks on unsuspecting citizens of the Mushroom Kingdom. Like many stereotypical twins, Hop and Hip often share their sentences by either speaking in unison or finishing each other's lines. Additionally, Hop is not portrayed as an inventor as in the games. That role goes to Kooky.

Comics

Iggy appears in the Nintendo Comics System story Bowser Knows Best, and Nintendo Power's Super Mario Adventures, where he and his siblings act as Bowser's henchmen in his plot to kidnap and marry Princess Toadstool. Iggy also appears in the cover in Super Mario-Kun's forty-second issue. Template:Sectionstub

Nintendo Adventure Books

Iggy and a clone from the cover of Double Trouble.

Iggy invents the GLOM, a machine capable of creating loyal duplicates of people and monsters out of sand, in Double Trouble, and uses it to overrun the Mushroom Kingdom with cloned citizens and monsters after capturing their images using spy cameras disguised as flowers. When Mario reaches Fort Koopa in the Koopahari Desert, he can run into Iggy absentmindedly walking down a hall, and covertly follows him, until he accidentally alerts the Koopaling to his presence by knocking over a statue of Genghis Koopa. Running to his laboratory, which is hidden in a hall of mirrors in the basement, Iggy awaits Mario's arrival, and sics the GLOM on him when the plumber discovers him. Depending on the reader's choice of what to do next, Mario is either knocked out (either by his own clone or Iggy's duplicates) and dumped back in the hall of mirrors, or leads the GLOM into the hall, where it clones itself after seeing its own reflection; thrown into a panic by the development, Iggy can only watch in terror as the GLOM keeps cloning itself until it overloads and it and all the duplicates it created explode into sand, bringing Fort Koopa down, leaving Iggy, Bowser and Wendy to dig themselves out of the rubble and limp their way back home.

After being cornered by Luigi in his Water Land houseboat in Leaping Lizards, Morton summons Iggy and the Doomship as backup, but upon spotting Luigi, the bespectacled Koopaling abandons his brother out of fright. Shortly afterward, Iggy is tracked down to his secret Water Land laboratory, and reveals that he, as the winner (through cheating) of the International Mushroom Games held six years ago, possesses the magic silver whistle that can restore the Mushroom King, who had been changed into a rabbit by Morton, to normal. Via old legal documents, Iggy reveals that only the rightful owner of the whistle can use it, and if someone else takes it it is punishable by a sentence of hard labor in the Sponge Mines; however, Iggy loses this advantage over the protagonists when Princess Toadstool reveals that the International Mushroom Games are going to be held again in three weeks, and Iggy is legally obligated to put his whistle up as the grand prize.

During the International Mushroom Games, Iggy and five of his siblings enter as a team, and Iggy competes in the Waterfall Race (where he makes Princess Toadstool lose by turning her around) and the Super Triple Jump, where he will use either a large spray can or a rocket-powered booster as a leap aid. If the Mushroom Kingdom Royals win the games, Iggy tries to sneak away, but is caught by the heroes, and reluctantly gives up his whistle after getting five coins from Luigi, as per the rules of the tournament.

In Koopa Capers, Iggy and his brothers have their wands stolen by Wendy, who disappears with them shortly afterward, intent on overthrowing their father with her own army, and a super wand she intends to create by fusing her own wand with her brothers'. If Luigi, who had been coerced by Bowser into searching for Wendy, tracks the female Koopaling down to her hideout, Bowser and the male Koopalings, who had been following him, will barge in after the plumber, but decide to stave off punishing Wendy for her treachery if she helps search for the hiding Luigi. If Luigi had acquired Boom Boom's socks earlier in his adventure, he can toss them into Wendy's simmering wand combination potion, which will release fumes that knock the entire Koopa family and their minions out for at least a week.

In Brain Drain, Iggy creates the Synapse Switcher, a device capable of switching people's minds. From his base in Dinosaur Island, Iggy uses the Synapse Switcher to cause widespread havoc throughout the Mushroom Kingdom by amplifying the machine's rays using the signals broadcast by the nearby WMUSH radio station. In the book's good ending, Iggy, after taking over WMUSH with his minions, attempts to use the Synapse Switcher on Mario and his friends at close range, but the group protect themselves using Fungus Up cola, which they discovered can counteract the effects of the Synapse Switcher. Due to forgetting to put on a protective helmet before activating the Synapse Switcher, Iggy ends up in the body of a Wiggler, while Yoshi's mind (which had previously been switched with another Koopaling) is transferred into his.

In this book, it is revealed Iggy has an apparent secret love of music. One of his minions mentions the rumor that Iggy always wanted to be a disc jockey, and later Luigi can find Iggy's homemade music video, which depicts him moonwalking in a garish green wig and gold jumpsuit.

Mario is Missing!

Though absent from the NES version of Mario is Missing!, Iggy is in the SNES and PC versions of the game, the latter of which he speaks entirely in rhyme. In this game, Iggy travels to Antarctica with Bowser and the other Koopalings, trying to aid them in stealing artifacts, which Bowser intended to sell to raise funds to buy hairdryers from Hafta Havit Mail-Order. With these hairdryers, Bowser plans to melt Antarctica, flooding the Earth.

Iggy is encountered by Luigi in Bowser's Antarctic fortress; while looking for Mario and stopping Bowser's plot, Iggy is fought by Luigi, who can easily defeat him by stomping on his head repeatedly (or, in the PC version, hit by a fireball). Before his defeat, he acknowledges that Bowser's angry because of Luigi advancing, and claims that Bowser is "fireproof."

Yoshi's Safari

File:IggySafari.gif
Iggy in Yoshi's Safari

In Yoshi's Safari, Iggy helps Bowser invade the kingdom of Jewelry Land. After stealing the jewels that maintained the stability in Jewelry Land, Bowser entrusts one of these jewels to Iggy, who is given domain over Grand Bridge.

Utilizing a heavily armed mechanism whose appearance is based on a large Blooper, Iggy has six cannons on his mechanism, one located in the end of six of his mechanism's ten tentacles. Iggy needs to be blasted repeatedly with Mario's Super Scope to be injured. Soon, Iggy's Blooper mechanism, upon sustaining enough damage, explodes, and Iggy is left floating on a piece of debris floating on the ocean, waving a white flag.

Hotel Mario

Iggy (compressed)
Iggy in Hotel Mario.

In Hotel Mario, Iggy, unlike the other Koopalings, does not gain a hotel when the Mushroom Kingdom is taken over by Bowser. Instead, Iggy is located inside Bowser's Seizures Palace Hotel, in "Bowser's BBQ Room". In his battle against Mario in Hotel Mario, Iggy wears an over-sized Bowser mask and, along with jumping between floors, can spit fireballs and summon a small amount of lightning that can strike Mario. He is one of the three Koopalings who wouldn't try to eat Mario or Luigi, which may be because he does not use elevators, or perhaps due to his mask. Iggy's Bowser mask needs to be jumped on repeatedly by Mario, eventually falling off, resulting in Iggy's defeat and summoning the real Bowser to battle.

Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga

Template:MLinfobox The Koopalings appear in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, where they are employed by Bowletta to defend Bowser's Castle, which is converted into a flying fortress used to attack Beanbean Castle Town. Iggy is the first of the Koopalings encountered by Mario and Luigi, and before battling the two, Iggy spins rapidly, making Mario and Luigi dizzy before fleeing further into his room. Mario and Luigi need to dizzily stumble through the traps in Iggy's room to reach and fight him.

In battle, Iggy could spew fireballs (as with all the Koopalings) as well as use the spinning attack from the overworld.

Defeating Iggy forms a bridge over a river of lava, allowing the Mario Bros. to continue through the castle towards Morton.

Super Princess Peach

Unused Super Princess Peach sprites.
Sprite sheet.
Unused Super Princess Peach sprites.

Iggy was originally going to appear in Super Princess Peach, although he was taken out of the final game with the rest of the Koopalings. Out of all the Koopalings, Iggy is the only one with an animated sprite, and is in one of the test rooms hidden in the game.

Cameos

File:SuperScope6MarioIggy.png
Iggy and Mario in Super Scope 6.

In the LazerBlazer - Type A: Intercept mode in the game Super Scope 6, Iggy can occasionally be seen flying across the game screen chasing Mario while riding a missile.

In Super Mario Sunshine, a brief clip of Mario fighting Iggy Koopa in Super Mario World can be seen when F.L.U.D.D. first scans Mario.

He also appears as a Mii costume in Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games.

Character Description

Like most of the other Koopalings, Iggy has a yellow and tan skin complexion, as well as a green head. Iggy has four, fang-like teeth in the upper corners of both sides of his snout; they are the same as Morton's. He also has a four-ribbed, padded stomach and padded feet. His mouth is straight, and he has a jutting jaw-line. Iggy has always been the tallest of the Koopalings, but it is not until New Super Mario Bros. Wii that he takes on a lankier appearance. His hair is tall and adds to his height. Originally he had a multicolored mohawk similar to Lemmy, but it is now depicted as a plant-like stalk of lime-green hair tipped with darker green. He has large, oval eyes with blue-ringed irises, although some artwork depicts his eyes are as eccentric swirls to indicate that the glasses he wears have very thick lenses.

As well as his distinctive glasses, he wears the same metal, spiked cuffs as the other Koopalings. His shell is light green, lined with a white encasing, and the multiple, short spikes are circled with purple rings. His shell used to be blue, as seen in Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World, in both of which Larry was the one with the green shell. This is due to the in-game palette used to design the sprites, as Iggy's official artwork for both games still shows him wearing his green shell.

Personality and Traits

Iggy is portrayed as being demented and giddy. This is supported by his crazed laughter in the original Super Mario Bros. 3 manual[2], as well as the in-game English dialogue in Super Mario World[3]. Before his rematch in his world's castle in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, he is heard laughing at the animal noises outside his window and laughing exhilaratingly during the battle itself. Also, in New Super Mario Bros. Wii as well as Mario and Luigi: Superstar Saga, he is shown to be extremely energetic and hyperactive. He is also said to be something of a trickster, who goes too far when he taunts his opponents[4], such as when he smacks his rear end in front of his adversary. He might be something of an animal person, as he has used a Chain Chomp to counter Mario twice, and may have also constructed the carriage it pulls himself. In Mario is Missing!, Iggy speaks completely in rhyme and cannot stand still. In the comics, he seems to think his father is somewhat stupid and acts as if he is smarter.

In The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World, Hop is quite childish in personality, and he often pulls pranks instead of causing true crimes, though some episodes has him doing so.

In the Super Mario Amada OVAs, Nintendo Comics System and Super Mario Adventures, Iggy's personality is largely identical to that of the other Koopalings, with him having no real defining characteristics. He mostly hangs around with Lemmy, who looks a lot like Iggy. Iggy and Lemmy pull pranks together and cause trouble. The twins also act childish in a way.

Powers and Abilities

Iggy rides a Chain Chomp in his boss battle in New Super Mario Bros. Wii and New Super Mario Bros. 2, utilizing a custom track. He could spin as a top in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga and even move fast enough to make his opponents dizzy. Like all the Koopalings in that game, he can also spit fireballs, although they are slow and move in a careful arc which opens it up for a counter-attack. As shown in New Super Mario Bros Wii, his magic blasts are the most chaotic out of all the Koopalings. In Hotel Mario he could cause small amounts of lightning to rain down on Mario. In addition, his unused sprites in Super Princess Peach show that the Koopaling was to use his hair as a spear. He also can throw balls at the Mario Bros. during their fight with him in Super Mario World, which he keeps in his shell. As demonstrated in New Super Mario Bros. U, Iggy can fire at least two varieties of spells: One being his normal chaotic green spell, and the other being red orbs that upon making contact with lava will summon Magmaargs. In addition, his energetic nature even allows him to stand on ceilings, as evidenced by his boss fight in New Super Mario Bros. U.

Official Profiles and Statistics

Bio from The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 Writers Bible

While the rest of the Koopalings are in their teens, Hip and Hop are bratty six-year-olds. These twins don't go anywhere without one another, and are always finishing each other's sentences. Silly and dumb, goofy and bumbling, they are always lost, and have probably forgotten where they were going anyway. They flunked Koopergarten. They wouldn't be a threat to the Marios and the princess, if it weren't for the fact that they have the most powerful Magic Wands, and are easily manipulated by Bully and their other siblings.

List of Appearances by Date

Title Description Original Release Date System/Format
Super Mario Bros. 3 Boss NPC Japan:
October 23, 1988
NES
Super Mario World Boss NPC Japan:
November 21, 1990
SNES
Mario is Missing Boss NPC North America:
1992
PC, SNES
Yoshi's Safari Boss NPC Japan:
July 14, 1993
SNES
Hotel Mario Boss NPC North America:
December 31, 1994
CD-i
Super Mario Advance 2 Boss NPC Japan:
December 14, 2001
GBA
Super Mario Sunshine Cameo Japan:
July 19, 2002
NGC
Super Mario Advance 4 Boss NPC Japan:
July 21, 2003
GBA
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga Boss NPC North America:
November 17, 2003
GBA
New Super Mario Bros. Wii Boss NPC Australia:
November 12, 2009
Wii
Super Mario All-Stars Limited Edition Boss NPC Japan:
October 21, 2010
Wii
Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games Mii Costume North America:
2011
Wii, 3DS
New Super Mario Bros. 2 Boss NPC Japan:
July 28, 2012
3DS
New Super Mario Bros. U Boss NPC North America:
2012
Wii U

Gallery

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Quotes

  • "Ha ha! Mario and his friends must be getting very nervous now. I can hardly wait to meet up with him!" - The Super Mario Bros. 3 manual (page 15)
  • "I see the dummer plummer. Bro is missing? What a bummer. Think the door will lead to him? Step on through--it's sink or swim!" - Mario is Missing!
  • "If it's my destruction you desire, give up, it only works with fire." - Mario is Missing!
  • "You locked the door, what a bore, now you'll try to lock some more. But Mario's gone and can't be found. Just give up now and get out of town!" - Mario is Missing!
  • "Big B's mad, he's out there burning, 'Cause your puny luck is turning. Flower-fry me, I'll go poof! But Bowser, dude, he's fireproof!" - Mario is Missing!

Names in Other Languages

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Trivia

  • In the fastest possible routes to complete both Super Mario World and New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Iggy is the only Koopaling that must be fought.
  • Iggy is the only Koopaling in the New Super Mario Bros. games that has a different sound when spinning inside his shell.

References

  1. ^ Screw Attack reports that "The koopalings are NOT related to Bowser!!!" and provide a scan of a Game Informer interview with Shigeru Miyamoto. Posted September 12, 2012. (Retrieved September 19, 2012)
  2. ^ In the English SMB3 translation, his laugh is simply transcribed as "Ha ha!"
  3. ^ In the original Japanese SMW release, the Koopalings all had generic defeat quotes. This was made less repetitive in the English release.
  4. ^ Nintendo.co.JP - New Super Mario Bros. Wii character pages (click on the blue circle with the arrow to reach the Koopaling page and click on the pictures to see the short bio of each of the Koopalings). Translation (Retrieved November 13, 2011)

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