Hammer Bro

"HEY! Are YOU lookin' at me? My hammer and I don't like you! Now ya got my hammer angry! Ya shouldn't have done that!"

- Hammer Bro.

Hammer Bros. (Also called Hammer Brothers; called Hammer Bros in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, Mario Party 8, Mario Party DS, Mario Super Sluggers, and Super Smash Bros. Brawl), are a species of Koopa that stand upright and throw hammers at passers-by. They have been around since Super Mario Bros. They have bigger shells than normal Koopas and wear headgear, most likely to protect themselves from their hammers. They can also use special hammers to shrink their enemies. Hammer Bros. have many times been described as the most elite fighters in Bowser's Koopa Troop. These enemies were originally designed by Kazuaki Morita.

Super Mario Bros.
Hammer Bros. make their debut appearance in Super Mario Bros., for the Nintendo Entertainment System. More often than not they are encountered in pairs, attacking Mario by tossing hammers and jumping between rows of bricks. The player can defeat them by running into them while invincible, shooting fireballs at them, breaking the bricks directly underneath them, jumping on their head, or avoid them by simply running past them while they are in mid-jump.

Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
Hammer Bros. return in Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan), in which they are more common than previously seen in Super Mario Bros. The Hammer Bros. behave somewhat differently than their previous incarnations, showing off the ability to gradually home in on Mario and Luigi as well as appearing in certain underwater levels.

Super Mario Bros. 3
Although absent from Super Mario Bros. 2, Hammer Bros. are given bigger roles in Super Mario Bros. 3. In this game, they essentially do what they do in Super Mario Bros., but are given three new variations: the rare Fire Bros., who spit fire in a manner immensely similar to that of Fire Mario, Boomerang Bros., whose thrown boomerangs will return to them, and Sledge Bros., who are huge and can pound the ground (temporarily immobilizing Mario or Luigi). Additionally, Hammer Bros. patrol the map screens. Touching one there will result in a battle with them. In the Giant Land of the game, it appears that regular Hammer Bros. are patrolling the map but when a player encounters them, they are a Sledge Bro. This was changed in Super Mario Bros. 3: Super Mario Advance 4.

Super Mario World
Normal Hammer Bros. are absent from Super Mario World; instead, two variations of them appear. One of these variations, the Amazing Flyin' Hammer Bro., is a stout Hammer Bro. riding a winged platform. The other is the Sumo Bro., which can create thunderbolts that explode upon impact with the ground.

New Super Mario Bros.
In New Super Mario Bros., Hammer Brothers (along with their cousins the Sledge Bros., Fire Bros., and Boomerang Bros.) appear once again as infrequent enemies. Hammer Bros. themselves appear only in one regular stage as enemies, Stage 2-4. Like in Super Mario Bros., the Hammer Brothers of New Super Mario Bros. will attack Mario or Luigi by hopping up and down in place on rows of brick block and lobbing their hammers. Boomerang Bros., while more common than their brethren, remain uncommon in the game, found in 2-5, 7-3, and 8-7. Starting in World 5, Hammer Bros. begin appearing on the map in a method similar to Super Mario Bros. 3, even dropping items when defeated. Sledge Bros in the game were once mistaken as Sumo Bros., which are a different type of Hammer Bro. only appearing in Super Mario World.

New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Hammer Bros. appear in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, along with Boomerang Bros., Fire Bros., Sledge Bros., and a new variation called Ice Bros., who can throw Ice Balls that freeze Mario. Strangely, Hammer Bros. only appear in World 1-3, while some of their sub-species make more common appearances. Yoshi can catch their hammers with his tongue and spit them back at them, defeating them and causing them to release coins. However, Yoshi can't eat a Hammer Bro. itself, nor any variation of his species.

Super Mario Galaxy 2
Hammer Bros. and Boomerang Bros. appear in the Wii game Super Mario Galaxy 2, marking the first time that they are seen in a three-dimensional Mario game that is not a spin-off title. In this game, they are much larger than in their previous games. Yoshi can eat the Hammer Bros.' hammers and spit them out as weapons. Mario can defeat a Hammer Bro. by spinning or jumping on him. The Hammer Bro. will be knocked on its shell as a result, which leaves him vulnerable to the next attack; Mario can walk into him or jump on him to defeat him. They usually only appear in Bowser Jr. or Bowser galaxies. These include Bowser's Lava Lair, Bowser Jr.'s Fearsome Fleet, Bowser's Galaxy Generator, and in the Grandmaster Galaxy. Though tough to do, a ground pound will also defeat them instantly.

''Super Mario 3D Land
Hammer Bros. appear along with Boomerang Bros. in Super Mario 3D Land. They act the same as in Super Mario Galaxy 2 and appear in a few castle levels. In Special 8 castle, it is needed to defeat the Hammer Bros. to get 10 extra seconds of time.

Super Mario Bros.: Peach-hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen!
 Although no Hammer Bros. appeared amongst Bowser's invasion force at the beginning of the Mario anime film Super Mario Bros.: Peach-hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen!'', an individual one does appear later. This Hammer Bro. (which, depending on the selected scene, was depicted as both rather large and completely to-scale, likely due to mistakes) acts as the guardian of a small cave where a recurring pair of Goombas trap Mario, Luigi, and Kibidango. Luigi (who was actually searching for Coins at the time) eventually forges an escape hole out of the cave; with only minor interference from the Hammer Bro.. Mario's crew managed to rush out of their horrible trap, but, in a last ditch attempt to retrieve his prisoners, the Hammer Bro. begins his hammer-throwing attacks on a cliff that Mario, Luigi, and their canine friend were trekking across; despite the enemy's efforts, Mario and his companions manage to get away from the Hammer Brother once and for all. Robed, book-carrying Hammer Bros. are later seen acting as singers during Bowser and Peach's wedding towards the end of the film and another Hammer Bro. applies makeup to Princess Peach for the said event, although Mario and Luigi never encounter these Hammer Bros. and they were therefore rather minor to the movie itself.

Super Mario Momotarō
Hammer Bros. also appear in the Super Mario anime series. In Super Mario Momotarō, two elderly Hammer Bros. named Ojiisan and Obaasan play the role as the grandparents of Princess Peach, and the adoptive parents of Mario.

The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!
In The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, Hammer Bros. first appeared in the episode "Do You Princess Toadstool Take This Koopa...?" where two of them appear to attack Mario and Luigi when the two escape King Koopa's dungeon, only to accidentally hit each other on the head with their hammers instead. The second and last appearance of Hammer Bros. in the show was in the episode "The Trojan Koopa", where they appeared as main antagonists and act as guards of King Koopa's latest fortress. In the show, they look like any other koopa in the series. The only difference is that they have helmets and hammers.

The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3
In The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, Hammer Bros. make minor appearances in a few episodes and their appearance changes once more, this time to resemble better their in-game appearances. Although Hammer Bros. didn't make many appearances, their larger counterparts, the Sledge Bros., were quite prevalent.

Nintendo Comics System
In Nintendo Comics System, several Hammer Bros. appeared in the crowd of monsters chasing Mario in the story "The Fish That Should've Gotten Away". Several Hammer Bros.(although they did not wield any hammers) also appear to pester Toad, who had become a reporter, in the comic "The Kingdom Enquirer"; aside from these two appearances, Hammer Bros. also appeared in several of the false advertisements that were featured in the comics.

Nintendo Adventure Books
In Koopa Capers, two Hammer Bros. bring Luigi to Bowser after a Magic Carpet deposits him outside Bowser's Castle. If Luigi decides to look around the castle for clues pertaining to Wendy O. Koopa's disappearance, Bowser tries to call in a Hammer Bro. to act as an escort for him, but Luigi declines the offer.

While traveling through the Koopahari Desert in Pipe Down!, the Mario Bros. bring up a previous close call with some Hammer Bros. during a past visit to the region.

In Dinosaur Dilemma, two Hammer Bros. can be found sleeping in Bowser's Castle by Mario and Yoshi, and are woken up by their cuckoo clock as the two try to sneak out of the room. Depending on how the reader solves the accompanying puzzle, the Hammer Bros. will either knock the heroes out and make a meal out of them, or their hammer blows will keep missing, and weaken the floor to the point that they go falling through it while Mario and Yoshi escape.

In Flown the Koopa, if the reader chooses to have Luigi be the head of a Brachiosaurus costume the Mario Bros. don, they will run into a Tyrannosaurus Rex. Depending on how the accompanying puzzle is solved, the T-Rex can turn out to be two disguised Hammer Bros., who will see through the Mario Bros.' costume, use some rubber cement to seal them in it, and capture them with intent of making a meal out of the two.

Yoshi's Safari
In Yoshi's Safari, Hammer Bros., as well as Boomerang Bros. and Sledge Bros., occasionally appear as mini-bosses; in this game, Hammer Bros. attack Mario and Yoshi by quickly throwing hammers at them, which need to be dodged or knocked away by a blast of Mario's Super Scope. After being blasted repeatedly by Mario's Super Scope, a Hammer Bro. will be defeated.

''Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
In Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, Hammer Bros. are made completely different. Like their predecessors, these Hammer Bros. have yellow skin, however, instead of green shells with green armor, the Hammer Bros. have black shells with black armor, similar to the Amazing Flyin' Hammer Bros. from Super Mario World. Their hammers are now wooden, and they are significantly larger than a normal Hammer Bro. (but presumably not larger than a Sledge Bro.). These Hammer Bros. also speak fondly of their hammers, as if their wooden weapons are sentient, living beings.

The Hammer Bros. are the leaders of the Koopa Troop's forces in Mushroom Way. They are ordered to capture any intruders, which they did when Toad tried to pass through Mushroom Way to the Mushroom Kingdom. However, Mario shows up to rescue his friend. As a result, a battle erupts between the hero of the Mushroom Kingdom and the two Hammer Bros. During the battle, the Hammer Bros. pound Mario with their hammers, and even used the special move Hammer Time, by throwing multiple hammers at the plumber. When Mario defeats one of the brothers, the remaining brother uses the move Valor Up to increase his defense. However, even though his defense is boosted, the second Hammer Bro. is defeated by Mario. After the fight, Toad is freed, Mario earns a Flower Jar, and the hero even picks up his defeated enemies' Hammers to use in battle.

Later in the game, a single, green colored Hammer Bro. named Dr. Topper appears in Bowser's Keep, which has been taken over by the Smithy Gang; Dr. Topper is not an enemy, per se, but he will block Mario's progress through Bowser's Keep, unless Mario solves his various puzzles and riddles.

Super Smash Bros.
In Super Smash Bros., Hammer Bros. occasionally appear in the background of the Mushroom Kingdom stage.

Super Smash Bros. Melee
In the Nintendo GameCube game Super Smash Bros. Melee, Hammer Bros. have the same role that they had on this game's predecessor, appearing only in the Mushroom Kingdom stage background.

Super Smash Bros. Brawl


A Hammer Bro. appears as an Assist Trophy character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Once released from the Assist Trophy, the Hammer Bro. will throw Hammers at the opponents, damaging them. The Hammer Bro. is invincible, like most other Assist Trophy characters are.

Hammer Bros. also appear as enemies in the Subspace Emissary. One appears to have helped steal Donkey Kong's vast horde of bananas and is targeted by Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong. Hammer Bros. continue to work for Bowser, as stated on the website. Also, unlike the Assist Trophy Hammer Bros., these Hammer Bros. can be damaged and defeated.

Hammer Bros. are the only characters to appear in the The Subspace Emissary as an enemy and as a Assist Trophy.

''Paper Mario
In Paper Mario, Hammer Bros., along with Koopatrols and Magikoopas, are the elite of Bowser's forces. In this game, Hammer Bros. attack Mario by either throwing one hammer at him or several, weak hammers at him. Additionally, Hammer Bros. will occasionally throw a hammer at Mario which can cause him to shrink in size and diminish his attack power.

A Hammer Bro. can be first encountered in Paper Mario in the Shy Guy's Toy Box, if Princess Peach tells Bowser and Kammy Koopa that one of the things that Mario fears most is a Hammer Bro., Kammy Koopa will later warp a Hammer Bro. into the Shy Guy's Toy Box to guard a treasure chest. Hammer Bros. are also encountered throughout Bowser's Castle, where they act as guards, attacking Mario if he approaches. Additionally, a Hammer Bro. by the name of Mr. Hammer runs a quiz called the 64th Trivia Quiz-off, in which Princess Peach participates. Not only do Peach and Twink end up gaining new information about the whereabouts of the next Star Spirit, but end up winning prizes, as well. The prizes are a Jammin' Jelly for winning the competition, and a Sneaky Parasol just for participating.

Notably, Hammer Bros. in the Paper Mario series have blue helmets instead of green ones and their hammers were wooden mallets like the ones from Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, instead of black clawed hammers

''Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
Hammer Bros. also appear in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. In this game they have the same attack pattern as in Paper Mario and are mainly found in Rogueport Sewers after beating Chapter 5. They now wear spiked arm bands. Like their Paper Mario appearance, their hammers are wooden mallets instead of black clawed hammers. A bunch of Hammer Bros. also appear when Bowser and Kammy summon their army to fight Lord Crump and the X-Nauts in Twilight Town.

There is also a Hammer Bro. named Hamma Jamma in the Glitz Pit. His team is with his two brothers, Bamma, a Boomerang Bro. and Flare, a Fire Bro.. Hamma Jamma will also also speak of his father and even his grandfather on occasion, the former of which he mentions is a Business Bro., apparently some sort of businessman version of a Hammer Brother.

''Super Paper Mario
Hammer Bros. regain their role as hammer-flinging Koopas in Super Paper Mario, where they appear as a main species. Here most Hammer Bros. are hypnotized by Nastasia into serving Count Bleck, though a few in The Bitlands still serve Bowser. Their hammers are once again wooden mallets. They are found in the Pit of 100 Trials as well. Like with many other enemies in this game, there is a shadowy version of them called the Dark Hammer Bro..

One specific Hammer Bro. and a Koopa private encounter Princess Peach after she wakes up at Castle Bleck. The captain went on to free the others while ordering the Koopa Troopa to escort Peach to safety. However, during this time, he meets two hypnotized Koopa Troopas, one named Johnson. During the discussion between the two, Nastasia appears and hypnotizes the captain.

''Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga
Hammer Bros. make minor appearances in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, which (for the most part) takes place in the Beanbean Kingdom. On their way to the Beanbean Kingdom, Mario and Luigi encounter the Border Bros. (beanish versions of Hammer Bros), as they wear armoring almost identical to a Hammer Bro.'s.

When Mario and Luigi reach Bowser's Castle they encounter traditional Hammer Bros. that (like the rest of the Koopa Troop) had been duped by Bowletta into defending the castle. They attack as usual, by throwing their hammers at Mario and Luigi. By watching the hammer's shadow, the player can tell if the hammer will hit Mario or Luigi, who can knock the hammer away with their own hammers. If the Hammer Bro. waves his hammer before throwing it, he will throw it at Luigi, but if he throws it straight away, he will target Mario. Sometimes, a Hammer Bro. will throw multiple Hammers (up to three). They are healed by fire and have 100 HP. They are weak to thunder. Their hammer attack is nearly identical to Rookie's hammer throw attack albeit a bit faster.

A Beanish type of Boomerang Bro. appears as an enemy in Gwarhar Lagoon in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga. This game also introduces Yo Bros., Limbo Bros., and Chomp Bros..

''Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time
Only one pair of Hammer Bros. appears in Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, and these individuals are known as the L33t Hamm3r Broz. In this game, they are reluctantly brainwashed by the Shroobs and forced to guard the Vim Factory from any intruders (or "pwn teh n00bs", as they put it). They are also notable for using leetspeak in their hypnotized forms, which causes a great phenomenon on the internet. Although the two L33t Hamm3r Broz. successfully "pwn" Mario and Luigi, Baby Mario and Baby Luigi are left behind. The L33t Hamm3r Broz. are forced to "continue their pwnership", and enter into battle with the babies. They are eventually defeated, though, and prove to be allies. As a reward for saving them from the Shroobs, they give Baby Mario and Baby Luigi hammers and train them in hammer use.

''Mario Party 5
Hammer Bros. appear in Mario Party 5, their primary appearance being an orb which causes a player to lose ten coins. They also appear in minigames.

''Mario Party 7
Hammer Bros. later get an appearance as an orb once again in Mario Party 7. As with last time, they cause the player landing on them to loose ten coins, but the player that set the orb will earn these coins.

''Mario Party 8
Hammer Bro. makes his debut as a playable character in Mario Party 8. He can be unlocked by beating the Star Battle Arena. In Bowser's Warped Orbit, Bowser will randomly call either him or Blooper to defeat the character that the player's playing as in a Star Battle Arena-Styled duel. Like Yoshi, Hammer Bro. cannot speak English. Instead, he speaks gibberish which can possibly be the Koopa language. It is unknown if the playable Hammer Bro. in Mario Party 8 is a specific character, or a different one each time, but it is probably the same one every time.

''Mario Party 9
In Mario Party 9, Hammer Bro. is a non-playable character once more. Hammer Bro., along with Fire Bro., are the co-hosts of the Battle minigames; one of them will appear whenever a player lands on a Battle Space. Hammer Bro. shows up more frequently than Fire Bro., and will take three Mini Stars from each player, then make them play a minigame, either the choice of the Captain or the player in last place. Fire Bro. will instead take ten Mini Stars from last place and distribute them to the other players. After the minigame Hammer Bro. will return six Mini Stars to first place, four to second and two to third.

The Hammer Bro. also has a constellation that can be bought in the Museum, named "Nail Shell."

''Mario Party Advance
In Mario Party Advance, a Hammer Bro. appears in the Mushroom Field as a hammer thrower. He then challenges the player to a hammer toss-off as his quest, Hammerama. If the player throws farther than the Hammer Bro., they receive the Gaddget Mini B-Ball. The ending states that he is training for an upcoming tournament.

''Mario Party DS
He continues his role as an NPC in Mario Party DS, this time in a more significant role, as a boss found in Toadette's Music Room. The player with the most stars battles him in a minigame called Hammer Chime. In the minigame, the player has to touch the same drums as the Hammer Bro. in limited time. He beats 3 drums the first time, 4 the second and 5 the third.

''Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix
During Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix two Hammer Brothers block the entrance of Mushroom Park to stop Mario (or Luigi) and Toad from getting the next Music Key from Wario. However, they will only let them pass if Mario dances against them and won. If the Hammer Brothers lose, Mario (or Luigi) is able to get into Mushroom Park.

''Mario Superstar Baseball
A Hammer Bro., as well as a Boomerang Bro. and a Fire Bro., appear as teammates of Bowser in Mario Superstar Baseball. Hammer Bro. can be unlocked by beating Mario Superstar Baseball's Adventure Mode as Bowser. The other two types appear as alternate versions. While the Hammer Bro and Boomerang Bro have the exact same stats, the Fire Bro is slightly slower. Hammer Bro bats with a large hammer. Fire Bro. uses a normal red baseball bat, and Boomerang Bro uses a boomerang. Boomerang Bro also puts a noticeable curve on all his hits, much like Boo and King Boo.

''Mario Super Sluggers
In Mario Super Sluggers he is a playable character along with Boomerang Bro. and Fire Bro. Unlike in Mario Superstar Baseball though, Hammer Bro. and his two variations are available from the start, and their fielding abilities are better than before. This is because like Magikoopa, they can throw their weapon out a distance and catch the ball. Also, the Hammer Bro. and Boomerang Bro. have slightly weaker batting skills, while the Fire Bro.'s batting skills remain the same. This is also the second game where they can speak clearly.

Like in the prequel, Hammer Bro. uses a hammer, Boomerang Bro. uses a boomerang, and Fire Bro. uses a bat with painted flames on it. But only Hammer Bro and Boomerang Bro use their bats for fielding. Fire Bro uses just flames.

''Super Princess Peach
Hammer Bros. have a large role in Super Princess Peach, where they seem to be Bowser's most trusted minions. It is in this game that they that storm Peach's Castle and kidnap Mario, Luigi, and the Toads. They are major characters, and they are led by the Army Hammer Bro.. They also appear as generic enemies towards the middle of the game, and even Amazing Flyin' Hammer Bros., who were absent from games for some time, reappear. Their militant role is changed, though, by the wild Vibe Scepter, resulting in sub-species such as the Calm Hammer Bro. and Calm Amazing Flyin' Hammer Bro..

''Super Mario Strikers
In Super Mario Strikers, Hammer Bros. appear as teammates and sidekicks to the game's captains. They are offensive teammates.

''Mario Strikers Charged
Hammer Bros. also appear as offensive teammates in Mario Strikers Charged. Here, they are very good at shooting and passing the ball, but are unable to tackle very well. Hammer Bro. is also very slow in this game, possibly because he carries several hammers strapped to his back. Every time he takes a shot, he pulls one of these hammers out of the sling on his back.

Hammer Bro. also pulls out these hammers when hitting, faking, and using his skillshot. His Fake allows him to pull a giant hammer out of nowhere, and smash it on the ground to blast anyone he hits away. Despite not having a large range, it is nonetheless a decent defense as it will temporarily paralyze players that come in contact with it.

His Skillshot is the Hammer Throw, which, once fully charged, causes Hammer Bro. to leap into the air and toss hammers at the Kritter, the goalkeeper, nailing him to the ground and thus immobilizing him. This leaves the goal un-guarded for a few seconds. Once the Kritter is stuck to the ground, the Hammer Bro. smacks the ball in for an easy shot. However, the Hammer Throw has limited range, meaning that it must be used very close to the goal to be effective. This shot occasionally misses if done from the side, but the player may get lucky if there's a teammate nearby who can score before Kritter gets back up.

Hammer Bro. is also given a standard voice in this game, in oppose to his computer voice. This is the first of two games where Hammer Bro. actually speaks. They typically exhibit a very cheery and positive attitude.

Other Appearances
A CSS sprite for a Hammer Bro. was found in the coding for Mario Kart Wii; it may be that one was planned to be a playable character, but was scrapped for unknown reasons.

Tools

 * Hammer
 * Hammer Suit

Hammer Bro.

 * Challenge Mode Captain: Bowser
 * Player Type: Power
 * Special Skill: Body Check

Stats

 * Batting: 8
 * Pitching: 3
 * Fielding: 3
 * Running: 3

Fire Bro.

 * Challenge Mode Captain: Bowser
 * Player Type: Power
 * Special Skill: Body Check

Stats

 * Batting: 8
 * Pitching: 3
 * Fielding: 3
 * Running: 2

Boomerang Bro.

 * Challenge Mode Captain: Bowser
 * Player Type: Power
 * Special Skill: Body Check

Stats

 * Batting: 8
 * Pitching: 3
 * Fielding: 3
 * Running: 3

Good Chemistry

 * Bowser
 * Bowser Jr.

Bad Chemistry

 * None

Mario Strikers Charged

 * Type: Offensive
 * Skillshot: Hammer Throw
 * Deke: Slams a hammer onto the field.

Stats

 * Movement: 3
 * Shooting: 10
 * Passing: 10
 * Defense: 3

Mario Party 8

 * Website Bio: ''Hammer Bro loves to get a groove on at parties. Make sure you have plenty of floor space.
 * Team Names:
 * Mario: Heavy-Blow Bros.
 * Luigi: Longtime-Foe Bros.
 * Peach: Glamour Hammer
 * Yoshi: Hungry Hammers
 * Wario: Scammer Hammer
 * Daisy: Barn-Builders
 * Waluigi: Stench Henchmen
 * Toad: Stealth Strikers
 * Boo: Bad Vibes
 * Toadette: Smash Success
 * Birdo: Two-Timers
 * Dry Bones: What-the-Deuce
 * Blooper: Blooper Bros.

New Super Mario Bros. Wii Trading Card
Description: ''Hammer Bros. are the cream-of-the-crop of Bowser's army. Sporting large shells and equipped with headgear, these hammer-hurling masters execute with sharp accuracy. These tricky Koopas can be taken out by a fireball. No fireballs on hand? Try running underneath them when they jump, and always be careful of flying hammers!'' Card Number: 20 (Normal), F18 (Silver)