Paper Mario (series)

Paper Mario is a role-playing and action-adventure spin-off series of the Super Mario franchise, developed for Nintendo by affiliate company Intelligent Systems. The series is named after its distinctive visual style, which consists of 2D paper cutout characters in 3D papercraft environments. It is a spiritual successor to Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, the first RPG game in the Super Mario franchise, and follows many conventions established in that game. The first installment in the Paper Mario series, also called Paper Mario, was released on Nintendo 64 in 2000, and five further entries have since followed (four for home consoles and one handheld entry), as well as one remake. The series has also crossed over with fellow Super Mario RPG series Mario & Luigi with the game Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam.

Background
During the, 's original console overtook Nintendo's long-standing dominance in the home console market, resulting in the latter company's own console from that generation, the Nintendo 64, being relegated to a distant second place. Nintendo's downfall during that era can be attributed to multiple decisions and strategies made by the company during this generation, namely launching the N64 in the U.S. a full year behind the PlayStation, continuing to store games in cartridges instead of switching to the less expensive CD-ROM format, utilizing a pricing strategy that was not complex enough to allow it to maintain a strong position in the market, and requesting high fees and enforcing strict policies for licensing of third-party developers. The aforementioned factors resulted in multiple third-party developers abandoning Nintendo and moving development to Sony's console. One of these developers was Squaresoft, creators of the  series, which had previously developed the Super Mario franchise's first role-playing game, Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES).

Square's move to developing exclusively for Sony resulted in Nintendo turning to Intelligent Systems to create Mario's next RPG title. Intelligent Systems was founded in the 1980s by Toru Narihiro, and started out providing auxiliary programming for games on the Nintendo Entertainment System (known as the Family Computer in Japan) and its add-on, the Famicom Disk System. As its history progressed, the studio went on to develop two successful series for Nintendo: Wars, a military-themed series, and Fire Emblem, a fantasy-oriented  series; the successes of these two series' debut installments resulted in Intelligent Systems expanding its services beyond just programming and engineering, and introducing game designers, script writers, artists, and musicians into its staff. At the time Mario's new RPG was to be created, both of the aforenamed franchises were still exclusive to Japan only.

Shortly after the Nintendo 64's release in Japan, Shigeru Miyamoto started production work on Mario's next RPG. The game, developed (as Miyamoto stated) with amateur gamers in mind, was initially going to be a direct sequel to its Square-developed predecessor, using a similar graphics style, and be released for the N64's disk drive add-on, the 64DD. The game utilized some gameplay mechanics carried over from Super Mario RPG, such as timed button presses to deal more damage in combat, which were implemented as a means of easing fans into finding interest in the role-playing genre. According to Nintendo producer Hiroyasu Sasano, the series' distinct paper-like style for character graphics came about from the belief that players "might be getting tired" of the computer-generated 3D graphics seen on the PlayStation and other consoles of the then-current hardware generation, as it was difficult for polygons to bring out the characters' "cuteness". The title Paper Mario, used for all releases of the series except the Japanese release of the first game, was chosen to emphasize this unique graphical style.

Gameplay and premise
Paper Mario combines traditional role-playing gameplay elements with concepts and features from the Super Mario franchise. The main protagonist, Mario, overcomes obstacles placed in the game's overworld by jumping and using his hammer. The graphics consist of a mixture of 3D environments and 2D characters who look as if they are made of paper. Battles in the Paper Mario games borrow elements from Super Mario RPG and traditional role-playing titles; and feature a turn-based system, in which players select an attack, defense, or item from a menu; and an "Action Commands" mechanic where the player can receive substantial attack or defense bonuses when they perform a timed button press correctly or follow some other instruction. Mario's health is measured in Heart Points (HP), of which one or more are consumed by attacks from the enemies he combats in battle; once his HP is reduced to zero, the game will end and the player will have to reload from the last save point reached.

Paper Mario / Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
The first three Paper Mario games present their stories in the context of a novel, divided into eight chapters (nine counting the prologue in the first two).

In the first three games, Mario gathers around him partners with specialized skills required to advance progression in the game, and must often face puzzles and boundaries based around said partners' abilities. The partners are accumulated as the player advances into different locations; only one may accompany Mario in the overworld, although the player can interchange them at any time. Partner characters can also assist Mario in battle. In the first Paper Mario, damage inflicted against them results in temporary paralysis. By Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, partners were given their own HP meters and were able to receive the same kinds of damage inflicted upon Mario; when their HP is reduced to zero, the partner becomes inactive for the rest of that battle and later battles until recovery.

The early Paper Mario games also feature special moves which Mario and his partners can perform with a finite capacity; each move consumes a particular number of Flower Points (FP) when performed, and as with HP, these statistics were originally only assigned to Mario, but were shared among him and his party members by The Thousand-Year Door. Both HP and FP can be increased upon a "level up", which occurs every time the player reaches or exceeds 100 experience points, called "Star Points" in-game; these are earned in various numbers once Mario has finished a battle. The first two Paper Mario games also feature an on-screen gauge to display "Star Power", which is required to perform moves of another type that accumulate in number as the player progresses through the game. The first two Paper Mario games' battles take place on a stage. The Thousand-Year Door also has Mario battle in front of an audience, who can assist him by replenishing Star Power, throwing helpful items at him, or inflicting damage on the opponent if he performs well in combat; for every 10 levels, the stage will increase by fifty audience members for a total of 200 after level 30.

The original Paper Mario games allow the player to locate hidden battle upgrades in the game's overworld, promoting one partner character to a new rank at a time. In The Thousand-Year Door, Mario is "cursed" at different points in-game with abilities that enable special moves in the overworld, all based around the paper theme: Mario can fold into a boat or paper airplane by standing on a special activation panel, roll up into a scroll of paper, or become paper-thin. This game's environments also follow the paper theme; for example, illusory objects that conceal secret items or switches can be blown away by a gust of wind due to the environment's paper-like qualities.

Progression through the Paper Mario games depends upon interaction with the non-player characters (NPCs), who will often offer clues or detail the next event in the storyline. As in other RPGs, the player can find or purchase stat-boosting items from NPCs to help in and outside of combat. The effects of items range from healing Mario to damaging the opponent. Badges can also be obtained that yield bonuses during combat, like added moves and gradual health restoration; each consumes a set number of Badge Points (BP), meaning Mario can only equip a limited number of badges at a time. Badges, like items, can be purchased from NPCs in shops or obtained from defeated enemies. When equipped, badges can permanently enhance a particular skill or aspect; some badges, such as Power Jump or Quake Hammer, can even give Mario new moves.

The first two entries in the series feature special sidequests, which recur upon the completion of most game chapters, where Princess Peach is playable; these transitions feature varying objectives and actions, mostly stealth-based. In The Thousand-Year Door, Bowser got his own sidequests where he traverses through multiple side-scrolling levels based on the original Super Mario Bros.

Super Paper Mario
Super Paper Mario changed the series' format to blend RPG gameplay with platforming gameplay. The majority of the gameplay is in 2D, but Mario is also given the ability to "flip" into 3D. By doing so, the perspective shifts and the 2D level rotates to reveal a hidden z-axis, placing Mario in a 3D environment. Mario can thereby maneuver around obstacles impassable in the 2D perspective, or find items, enemies or varying landscapes only visible along the z-axis. There is a drawback to this, however; if the player stays in the 3D perspective too long, the HP meter is depleted, one point at a time.

The game uses a scoring system where points are accumulated through defeating enemies and using items. Like the pre-existing Star Point system, this system allows players to level up and gain stronger attacks and higher resistance to damage from enemies or hazards. Peach, Bowser, and Luigi become secondary player characters over whom the player gains control as the game progresses, with each having their own sets of abilities independent of Mario's: Peach can float over long distances and block attacks with her parasol, Bowser can use his fire breath, and Luigi can perform a special jump where he folds and then launches into the air. The Super Paper Mario format also does not make use of the standard turn-based format; instead, enemies are fought directly upon encounter.

In addition to the other three heroes, Super Paper Mario features "Pixls" as partners, digital fairy-like characters who grant the player abilities such as throwing or destroying obstacles, becoming tiny, or defending against enemies. One of these, Tippi, can also allow the Wii Remote pointer to be used like a spotlight in highlighting and reading the descriptions of items and enemies, or in spotting hidden objects. However, Tippi is the only one of the Pixls who maintains substantial amounts of dialogue throughout the game and who has an individual backstory.

Paper Mario: Sticker Star / Paper Mario: Color Splash
"Since Paper Mario: Sticker Star, it’s no longer possible to modify Mario characters or to create original characters that touch on the Mario universe."

- Kensuke Tanabe

In Paper Mario: Sticker Star, the gameplay was overhauled again, with this formula differing drastically from those of previous games in the series. Various critical elements of the original gameplay are absent, namely special moves points, badges, the experience point system, and the use of partners. As such, Sticker Star and its follow-up game Paper Mario: Color Splash are not classified as RPGs per se, but are instead action-platformers designed in an RPG style. Both games also mostly exclude characters unique to the series and a similar setting with previous games, the reason being that Shigeru Miyamoto felt a more complex plot was unnecessary in a Super Mario game. An interview in 2020 revealed that the limitation of new characters (as in age or gender) was indeed a deliberate restriction by Nintendo.

Instead of multiple partners as employed in the first Paper Mario and The Thousand-Year Door, Mario is accompanied by a singular partner by the name of Kersti, a sticker fairy, who bestows a special sticker power upon him. A major facet of this format is the extensive use of collectible stickers, which are used to gain new abilities and make progress. Mario collects Stickers by finding them from various areas in the environment, purchasing them using coins, or receiving them from NPCs. The player has limited inventory space, and larger Stickers take up more room. Stickers are used both in combat and for interacting with the environment. The player can also make Kersti "Paperize", or flatten the visible overworld to allow Mario to place a Sticker in a certain area, activating some kind of event. Mario can also find real-world objects, known in-game as "Things", which can be turned into a special type of Sticker that will often help Mario solve puzzles in the overworld. Once rendered into Stickers, Things can be pasted onto strategic areas in the environment to cause certain events, or used in battle. Each Thing has its own unique function; for example, a baseball bat can strike every enemy present with one hit apiece; scissors can fly off the screen and cut up the display to deal damage to all enemies; and a mechanical fan will blow enemies around and deal damage to all of them at once, or move and destroy overworld obstacles. What kinds of attacks are available to Mario in battle is determined by the Stickers currently on hand.

This format is continued in Paper Mario: Color Splash, but tweaked slightly so that the gameplay revolves around colors instead of stickers. Mario uses his hammer to "paint" background elements, characters, and parts of the environment that have been drained of their color, in order to make progress through the game, while collecting Hammer Scraps as a type of EXP after battle to increase the paint capacity of his Paint Hammer. During battle, Battle Cards take the place of the Stickers from the previous game, with some needing to be painted in order to become usable. Additionally, Kersti is replaced by a paint bucket named Huey.

Paper Mario: The Origami King
Paper Mario: The Origami King has many of the same features present in Sticker Star and Color Splash, as well as a handful of elements present in the first two games.

Combat has been changed once again; Mario fights in a ring-based arena where the enemies surround him. The player has to move the rings so the enemies face Mario in a line, so they can be all be attacked at once. There is a time limit to moving rings which can be increased by spending coins. In boss battles, Mario is on the outside of the arena and has to move arrows around to form a path to the center, attacking the boss using his standard jump or hammer attack, or use special moves: one of four special Vellumental attacks, or the 1,000-Fold Arms to attack the boss repeatedly by standing on Magic Circles. Disposable items from the previous two installments have been greatly cut down; Mario permanently has jump and hammer abilities as well as temporary upgrades such as the Shiny, Flashy, and Legendary variants.

Olivia is Mario's main guide on his journey, similar to Kersti and Huey from the past two games. However, some other partners aid Mario such as a folded-up Bowser and Bob-omb, a few of which have a limited effect on battles. The "world/level select" feature introduced in Sticker Star has been completely removed - the game features an interconnected overworld similar to that of the original two games. There are many Not-Bottomless Holes similar to Color Splash ' s colorless spots, filling these in with confetti will either produce coins or reveal Toads to unfold. Similar to Sticker Star, EXP is absent, with coins and confetti earned from beating enemies acting as a replacement.

Miscellaneous

 * A Flash game called Super Paper Mario Memory Match was released in 2007 to promote Super Paper Mario.
 * In 2016, browser games were released on the Play Nintendo website called Paper Mario: Color Splash Trivia Quiz and Paper Mario: Color Splash Personality Test.

Similarities between the games

 * Despite their differences in genre, all games feature role-playing game elements:
 * Each game includes turn-based combat, although in Super Paper Mario this is limited to the battle against the Underchomp.
 * Characters have numeric stats such as Heart Points that are relevant in battle.
 * The main playable characters can increase their stats. The first three games award experience points for defeating enemies in battle. In subsequent games, Mario can increase his stats with MAX UP Hearts (which increase both maximum and First Strike power) and Hammer Scraps.
 * Each game includes status effects. In Paper Mario: The Origami King, only certain bosses apply status effects.
 * Partners contribute to battle and puzzle-solving in some way, and speak on Mario's behalf. The first three games have multiple partners that can be controlled to use additional moves in combat. In later games, there are still characters that temporarily follow Mario on the field, evocative of partners. In Paper Mario: The Origami King, some of these characters have field abilities and automatically use moves to help in battle.
 * Each game fleshes out its world by including towns and members of enemy species with dialogue.
 * In each game, Mario can use a hammer. This is least prominent in Super Paper Mario, where Cudge does not appear until Chapter 5.
 * Each game has at least one game show event:
 * In Paper Mario, there is the 64th Trivia Quiz-Off and Chuck Quizmo's quizzes.
 * In Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, there are the 65th Super Fun Quirk Quiz and 66th Annual Quirk Quiz.
 * In Super Paper Mario, there is the "That's My Merlee!" show.
 * In Paper Mario: Sticker Star, there is Snifit or Whiffit.
 * In Paper Mario: Color Splash, there is Snifit or Whiffit Seabed Edition.
 * In Paper Mario: The Origami King, there is Shy Guys Finish Last.
 * Each game has an arrangement of the Invincibility Theme. In Paper Mario, it starts playing when Mario runs around a certain Candy Cane in Pleasant Path. In Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, when playing the Bowser segments, if the player collects enough Meat in a level, Bowser grows huge and the theme plays. In Super Paper Mario, when the player obtains a Mega Star, the theme plays. In Paper Mario: Sticker Star, Paper Mario: Color Splash and Paper Mario: The Origami King, the theme plays when the player grabs a Star.
 * The plot of the first five games involves collecting powerful beings based on simple shapes, usually stars. In the first three games, the final boss is invincible at first, and the stars or hearts collected make them vulnerable to damage.
 * Bowser is fought in all of the first five games, even when he is a side character (in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door) or ally (in Super Paper Mario).
 * Between chapters in the first five games, there are intermissions or flashbacks focusing on other characters.
 * The bridges that mark loading zones use the same design until Paper Mario: The Origami King, aside from Super Paper Mario which instead uses doors.
 * Each game after the first introduces gameplay mechanics based on the paper art style:
 * Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door introduces the "curses" granted by the black chest: Plane Mode, Paper Mode, Tube Mode, and Boat Mode.
 * Super Paper Mario introduces the Flip ability, which plays off of the world itself being presented as flat.
 * Paper Mario: Sticker Star introduces the Paperize ability and the use of stickers in combat.
 * Paper Mario: Color Splash introduces Battle Cards that are used to perform moves in combat.
 * Paper Mario: The Origami King introduces the 1,000-Fold Arms ability.
 * In Western languages, all games after the first use the font Pop Joy.
 * There are item upgrade systems in the first four games. The first three feature cooking. Paper Mario: Sticker Star has special paperization spots that upgrade inserted stickers.
 * From Super Paper Mario onwards, the main partner specific to each game ultimately sacrifices themself to destroy the main threat wielded by the antagonist.
 * In the first three games, there is at least one battle between Mario and one of his allies.
 * In the first three games, Mario can temporarily transform into an 8-bit sprite based on those of Super Mario Bros..
 * In each of the first three games, someone tells a long story, Mario falls asleep, the storyteller asks if he has been listening when he wakes up, and Mario lies by nodding. In Paper Mario and Super Paper Mario, the storyteller claims to be telling the "short version" of the story.
 * In Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, Super Paper Mario, and Paper Mario: Color Splash, there is an implied or minor enemy character named Johnson.
 * Starting in Paper Mario: Sticker Star, there are giant photorealistic objects in each game.

Trivia

 * The Paper Mario title itself is mentioned in several games. In the party at the end of Paper Mario, a Bumpty mentions that Herringway is writing a novel called "Paper Mario". The same occurs in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door with the blue Toad living in a house in the Rogueport west side, who also writes a Paper Mario novel based off Mario's adventures, which gets adapted into a play.
 * The novel written by Herringway is titled "Mario Story" in Japanese. In Luigi's Mansion, Neville can be seen reading a book with the same title.