Super Mario Galaxy

Super Mario Galaxy (known in South Korea as Super Mario Wii) is a 3D platformer action game for the Wii, first released in 2007. It is the third Mario 3D platformer, and the follow-up to Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine. However, unlike the previous two 3D adventure installments for the Mario series, this game takes place in deep space. Most of the game's levels consist of many small planets and planetoids, while others have bigger planets. Upon release, Super Mario Galaxy received some of the highest review scores and appraisals of any Wii game to date. Since its release, the game has sold over 10 million copies, making it the ninth best-selling Wii game.

Story
Every hundred years, a comet passes over the Mushroom Kingdom and causes magical stars and stardust to fall to the planet below. This century, Star Bits rain down from the sky and form a giant Power Star. The Toad Brigade finds it and delivers it to the castle. Luma has also fallen, and Princess Peach decides to give him to Mario. She sends a letter to Mario, inviting him to her castle to join in the festivities and receive him as a gift. With invitation in hand, Mario runs to the Castle Gardens. As the citizens of the kingdom are celebrating the centennial event, Bowser suddenly attacks the Toads with his airships and freezes them in crystals. He "invites" Peach to the creation of his new galaxy, and when Peach (holding tight Luma) doesn't respond, he uses a UFO to carry castle to the center of the universe. Before Mario can reach her, Kamek casts a spell at Mario sending him to a small planetoid and knocking him out.

When Mario later wakes up on the small grassy planet, he meets three Star Bunnies, who promise to tell Mario where he is if he can catch them. When he does so, they transform back into Lumas and take him to meet Rosalina, who tells Mario that he is at the "gateway to the starry sky" and that the universe is in great peril after Bowser attacked her ship — the Comet Observatory — and stole the Power Stars, including six Grand Stars (along with the final one at Peach's Castle). Without these, the Comet Observatory is doomed as they cannot move through space. Rosalina asks him to rescue the Grand Stars in order to defeat Bowser, who took Peach to the center of the universe. Mario then starts his journey across the galaxies, freeing Power and Grand Stars. Once five of the Grand Stars are collected, the Comet Observatory becomes a starship and will become able to take Mario to the center of the universe once 60 Power Stars are collected in total.

Here he defeats Bowser in his brand-new galaxy, retrieves the last Grand Star, and rescues Princess Peach as she's falling from Bowser Jr.'s airship. The two share a carefree moment in the skies, but their reunion is cut short when the sun of Bowser's near-complete galaxy undergoes a supernova and becomes a supermassive black hole. Mario and Peach were seen walking together holding hands once the bridge leading to the castle breaks apart, separating them both. After this, everything in the universe begins to be pulled into it. The Lumas from the Comet Observatory, including the Luma who had faithfully accompanied Mario through his journey, throw themselves into the black hole in order to neutralize it. The Lumas attack the black hole's singularity, and it soon disintegrates in a massive explosion. Mario appears in front of Rosalina, who had somehow managed to save him from the cataclysm. She tells him that this is not the end, but a new beginning for the universe, and that the universe is an endless cycle, one that never repeats itself exactly the same way.

Mario later awakens in the Mushroom Kingdom near Peach's Castle. He sees everyone he's met throughout his adventure (friend and foe alike) celebrating the recreation of the universe, while Bowser and Peach lie next to him confused. When he looks in the air, he notices the reconstructed galaxy. "Welcome! Welcome new galaxy!" Mario exclaims, as the camera zooms out into space, revealing that the universe has been reset. If Mario continues, Rosalina states to the player that if he collects all 120 Power Stars, Mario can travel to a new world, which turns out to be his homeland at the Grand Finale Galaxy. If Mario collects 120 stars, a special cut scene plays after the credits. Rosalina and a group of Lumas appear on the planet Mario started on at the beginning of the game. Rosalina says "I will watch over you from beyond the stars," and flies off to the Comet Observatory. The white Luma is shown to be alive as if nothing happened, now residing on the small Gate planet, inside a destroyed Starshroom that is covered in moss.

That night, the Star Festival resumes at the Grand Finale Galaxy, with Penguins, Gearmos, Star Bunnies, and Bees (along with the local Toads) all enjoying the festivities. Mario and Peach have their picture taken at Good Egg Galaxy, and Luigi and Rosalina have their picture taken in front of the castle's moat.

Controls
Super Mario Galaxy has several innovations and additions to the basic 3D Mario game concept. Mario is controlled with the analog stick and can jump with the. The works just as the  trigger did in Super Mario 64. The player uses it to make Mario crouch, do Somersaults and do Long Jumps. The centers the camera behind Mario, while the  can adjust the camera angle manually. By pressing the upper part of the, the player can enter a first person perspective.

The game also uses the motion-sensors of the Wii Remote. The pointer of the Remote appears as the Star Cursor on the screen. The Star Cursor is used to perform a variety of actions, such as using Pull Stars, manipulating Sling Pods, and collecting Star Bits. Shaking the Wii Remote or Nunchuk will make Mario perform a Spin. By pressing, players can fire a Star Bit. When enemies are hit by a Star Bit, they are stunned and can be defeated with a touch, releasing Star Bits. Mario can also defeat most enemies by jumping on them, which will create a healing coin. Using the Spin to defeat enemies is also possible. Spinning may also stop an enemy from attacking; if Bowser and Mario both Star Spin at the same time, both moves get canceled. Also when Mario or Luigi Long Jumps then when they land on the ground and quickly do a star spin, they'll do a little pirouette like they're dancing. The player can use any of these tactics or only one of them during the entire game, as a specific tactic is never required to defeat a regular enemy. Only special enemies such as the Giant Goomba in the Gateway Galaxy might require a Spin. Several enemies are, however, much easier to defeat by shooting them than by jumping on them. As in Super Mario Sunshine, Mario can jump on NPCs to gain extra height or annoy them. Oddly, a move exists that is not explained in the instruction manual. If the player, while airborne, both shakes the controller and presses Z (to spin and ground pound at the same time), they will do a special ground pound that homes in on nearby enemies (much like Sonic the Hedgehog's Homing Attack). If there is no enemy nearby, Mario will do a fancier Ground Pound. This move returns in the game's sequel, also unexplained in the packaged materials.

Featured in Super Mario Galaxy is a multiplayer mode named Co-Star Mode. By simply connecting a second Wii Remote, another player can join in and assist the first player by controlling a second Star Cursor, and in doing so can accomplish a variety of different things, some of which the first player can do, but many of which the first player cannot do. When Co-Star Mode is active, "1P " will appear below Player 1's Star Cursor, and "2P " will appear below Player 2's Star Cursor to help differentiate between them. When Co-Star Mode is not in use, these indicators will no longer appear beneath either player's Star Cursors, until such time as Co-Star Mode becomes active again. The second player can collect Star Bits and fire them at enemies to briefly stun them. When the second Star Cursor is pointed at Mario and is pressed, the second player can make Mario perform a Co-Star Super Jump. Combining both jump techniques can make Mario jump higher than when only controlled with one controller.

Mario's life meter has been decreased to three total. Originally, the creators of Super Mario Galaxy thought of giving Mario a 12- or 6-part health meter, but this idea was eventually considered far too easy. There is no longer a separate health bar for underwater levels which decreases slowly. Instead, Mario has an air meter which decreases and hurts Mario's health when it hits zero. The Life Mushroom replenishes any lost health and adds a second health meter, making Mario's max health six. When Mario's health drops down to three again, the effect of the Life Mushroom is lost.

Mario explores a 3D world with planets which have their own gravity. Several levels have arrows which Mario can turn around with a Spin, changing the direction of the gravity. The Launch Star allows Mario to launch off of a planet and go flying to the next. There is little or no warning that a boss might be located on the next planet, little indication that Mario may be facing something terrible or something peaceful on where he's headed next, and no loading times and screens. The game also contains side-scrolling levels reminiscent of New Super Mario Bros. with classic enemies such as Goombas and Piranha Plants. These side-scrolling levels may also contain directional gravity, allowing Mario to walk on the walls and ceiling.

Collecting all 120 stars and defeating Bowser once more unlocks "Super Luigi Galaxy" mode, which replaces Mario with a playable version of Luigi. The storyline is almost the same, even with the original NPC Luigi still being present. The only main difference is that the Cosmic Luigi reaches the Star earlier than the Cosmic Mario, and Luigi receives 20 1-Ups from Peach's letter. Luigi also jumps slightly higher, but has less traction than Mario. When the player has defeated Bowser again and continues with the Luigi story, Rosalina again says if Luigi collects all 120 stars, the player can travel to a new world. When the player collects 120 stars, the player can travel to Grand Finale Galaxy, which shows the celebration of the Star Festival. The 121st star can be found here.

Galaxies
Power Stars make a comeback, last being seen in Super Mario 64. The main goal of the game is to collect a minimum of sixty stars and defeat Bowser. Similar to Princess Peach's Castle in Super Mario 64 and Delfino Plaza in Super Mario Sunshine, the Comet Observatory acts as the game's hub area. There, Mario can access the galaxies from Domes. New areas in the Comet Observatory become accessible as Mario gains Power Stars and Grand Stars. A minimum number of Power Stars is required to have enough power to go to each multi-star galaxy, single non-Grand Star galaxies with a ? Block icon when locked are bonuses for finishing certain star missions. The game has a level intro for each star, as in Super Mario Sunshine.

Mario encounters Luigi in three levels (located in the Good Egg Galaxy, the Honeyhive Galaxy, and the Battlerock Galaxy). Luigi helps him reach secret stars that Mario could not get alone. Mario receives a letter from Luigi every time Luigi has found a Power Star, including a picture which helps Mario find Luigi. After the main game is finished, Mario can return and collect up to 120 stars. Super Mario Galaxy contains a few different types of stars, including red, green, and comet stars. The Green Power Stars are secret stars which are used to unlock the Trial Galaxies and one Red Power Star appears when Mario returns to the gate, which allows usage of the Red Star in the Observatory.

After finishing a level, Mario's highest score of coins for the galaxy is recorded and the collected Star Bits are transferred to the Comet Observatory, where Mario can later use them to feed Hungry Lumas. The requirements for opening up each galaxy is listed below, with Star Bits if the galaxy is created by a Hungry Luma. Note, however, that some galaxies are not unlocked by simply obtaining a number of stars but by completing a specific star. This is true for all Hungry Lumas except the first, and all bonus galaxies from Buoy Base Galaxy onward.

There are a total of forty-two galaxies in the game.

The amount of Power Stars and Star Bits listed after a galaxy is the amount of the corresponding collectibles that is required to unlock the galaxy.

Green Power Star Locations

 * Battlerock Galaxy, Luigi under the Saucer: Saving Luigi under the 1st Power Star.
 * Dusty Dune Galaxy, Treasure of the Pyramid: Collecting 5 Silver Stars in the Pyramid Planet.
 * Buoy Base Galaxy, The Secret of Buoy Base: Under the Buoy Base sealed in a cage.

Galaxies with a * are unlocked by feeding Hungry Lumas.

Prankster Comets
Prankster Comets are objects which interfere with a Galaxy, giving it an extra attribute. The 30 comet stars are obtained by completing special challenges in the larger galaxies, such as speed runs of certain missions, "daredevil" runs (in which Mario's max health is one), racing cosmic clones of Mario or Luigi, and double the speed of enemies. They only appear after the corresponding regular level (e.g. Ghostly Galaxy's Bouldergeist battle) is completed, sometimes immediately and sometimes only after another galaxy's level is completed. In some cases (like the Space Junk Galaxy), the entire galaxy has to be beaten first. There are 2 prankster comets in each of the 15 multi-star galaxies: one of the types of comets just described, plus one purple prankster comet that appears after beating Bowser's Galaxy Reactor for the first time, forcing missions where the player must collect 100 Purple Coins.

Characters
Mario encounters many new and old characters in his adventure. Most of these are met in one or more galaxies, though Rosalina, the Toad Brigade, and the Lumas are found on the Comet Observatory.

Enemies
The game has old enemies such as Goombas from Super Mario Bros. and round Goombas from Super Mario World, enemies which make their 3D platformer debut such as Magikoopas and Dry Bones, as well as new enemies, which include the Octoombas and Mandibugs.

Bosses
Fifteen bosses are in the game. Some of them are fought more than once. The numbers below include Prankster Comet encounters.


 * 1) Dino Piranha ×2
 * 2) King Kaliente ×2
 * 3) Bugaboom ×1
 * 4) Megaleg ×1
 * 5) Kamella ×3
 * 6) Tarantox ×1
 * 7) Topmaniac ×4
 * 8) Bouldergeist ×2
 * 9) Major Burrows ×2
 * 10) Baron Brrr ×1
 * 11) Undergrunt Gunner ×3
 * 12) Kingfin ×1
 * 13) Fiery Dino Piranha ×1
 * 14) Bowser Jr. ×1
 * 15) Bowser ×3

Items
Thoughtout the game, Mario can use many new and returning items that allow him to do things that he's never been able to do before.

Power-Ups
Mario regains his ability to attain different abilities via special mushrooms, flowers, and stars, similar to Super Mario 64, in which he could obtain the Wing Cap, the Vanish Cap, and the Metal Cap to gain new powers. In this game, Mario uses seven Power-Ups to gain new ablities.

Bee Mushroom

 * Honeyhive Galaxy, stars 1 and 3
 * Honeyclimb Galaxy
 * Gold Leaf Galaxy
 * Sea Slide Galaxy, star 3
 * Sand Spiral Galaxy

Boo Mushroom

 * Ghostly Galaxy, star 1
 * Sand Spiral Galaxy
 * Boo's Boneyard Galaxy

Ice Flower

 * Freezeflame Galaxy, stars 1 and 3
 * Deep Dark Galaxy, star 2
 * Beach Bowl Galaxy, secret star

Fire Flower

 * Freezeflame Galaxy, stars 2 and 3, secret star
 * Dusty Dune Galaxy, star 1
 * Deep Dark Galaxy, stars 1 and 2
 * Snow Cap Galaxy

Spring Mushroom

 * Toy Time Galaxy, stars 1 and 3
 * Matter Splatter Galaxy
 * Beach Bowl Galaxy, Purple Coin mission

Rainbow Star

 * Good Egg Galaxy, star 3
 * Honeyhive Galaxy, stars 1, 2 and 3
 * Battlerock Galaxy, star 2
 * Ghostly Galaxy, stars 1, 2 and 3
 * Gusty Garden Galaxy, star 2
 * Dusty Dune Galaxy, star 2
 * Gold Leaf Galaxy, stars 1, 2 and 3
 * Deep Dark Galaxy, stars 1 and 2
 * Sand Spiral Galaxy

Red Star

 * Gateway Galaxy, star 2
 * Comet Observatory, enabled by completing Gateway's Purple's Coins.

Minigames
All except Bob-omb Blasting can be found in the Trial Galaxies (as well as other galaxies).
 * Bubble Blowing
 * Manta Ray Surfing
 * Star Ball Rolling
 * Bob-omb Blasting

Unlockable Secrets
Once the player beats the game and gains 120 stars as Mario, he or she can go back to Rosalina and ask to fight Bowser again. Once Bowser is re-defeated, the Player unlocks the option to play as Luigi. He is slightly faster and jumps a bit higher than Mario, but he has less traction, and the Cosmic Luigi stars are more difficult to obtain, due to Cosmic Luigi using shortcuts and techniques not used by Cosmic Mario. Luigi's Spin also takes slightly longer to re-charge, and he has less air capacity than his brother. Luigi also loses air for every time he uses the Spin underwater. Once the player beats the game and collects 120 stars as Luigi, the 121st star becomes available.

When playing through the game as Luigi, the stars that required Mario to meet Luigi still feature a non-playable Luigi, bringing up the issue of two Luigis in the game. When the playable Luigi first saves the non-playable one from the Ghostly Galaxy, Luigi dismisses his rescuer merely as someone in the universe who happens to look like him. When Luigi rescues himself afterwards, the lost Luigi refers to him as "me" (for example, "I knew I could rely on... me!"). Rosalina dismisses the two as twins. At first, they appear to be exactly the same. However, if one looks closely at them, one will notice the playable Luigi is wearing lighter green clothes and is slightly shorter. When the Mailtoad has mail, the letter will say it is for Mario, and the Mailtoad feels bad for Luigi. Also, some letters may contain 20 1-up Mushrooms, instead of 5.

If the player collects 9999 Star Bits, all the coconuts in the game turn into watermelons. They have the same use as coconuts, but have a different color scheme.

Letters
At various points in the game, the Mailtoad will give the player a letter and it will be sent to the Wii Message Board.

Whenever Luigi needs to be rescued after initially saving him from the Ghostly Galaxy, the letter will say:

Dear Mario, Oh, no! It's horrible! Luigi has gone missing! What will we do! Mailtoad

After rescuing Luigi each of these times, the letter will say:

Dear Mario, Thank you for saving Luigi! Keep trying to rescue those Power Stars, and we'll do our best to help! ♪ Mailtoad

After getting the 121st and final Power Star from the Grand Finale Galaxy, the letter will say:

Dear (player's name), Congratulations! We would like to send you a galaxy sized thanks for saving all the Power Stars and playing to the very end. Until next time; The Super Mario Galaxy staff

Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack
A soundtrack for the game has been released, called Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack. It is exclusive to Club Nintendo members in Japan and Europe. There is a one-disc edition and a two-disc Platinum edition. Both editions aren't available anymore at Club Nintendo Japan. In Club Nintendo Europe, both editions are still available, with the exception of The United Kingdom and Spain, which only have the regular edition.

Development
Super Mario Galaxy find its root in the Super Mario 128 demo. Yoshiaki Koizumi, the director of the demo, wanted the part where Mario moves freely around a saucer-shaped platform to be included in an actual game, but found that implementing the concept required an high-degree of technical expertise. Shigeru Miyamoto remained interested by the concept, and after Donkey Kong Jungle Beat's completion, he asked the newly formed EAD Tokyo if they wanted to make a high-profile game starring established Nintendo characters, which lead to one of the staff member suggesting that they had the skills to make a Mario game. Yoshiaki Koizumi felt that the Jungle Beat team had the ability to make spherical platforms work and said he wanted to make the game for the Wii.

Koizumi then gathered several other members in order to create a prototype. The outer space theme was chosen due to him finding that spherical shapes would be best interpreted as planets, and gravity was added. The prototype was shown to Nintendo after three months of developement, which approved it.

While Miyamoto was not working full time at EAD Tokyo, he frequently visited the studio to share ideas and oversee development. One of his suggestion was to include a delay between spinning instead of having Mario spins continuously when shaking the Wii Remote, so that the game would be more challenging and interesting to play. A setup was eventually created so that both the Kyoto and Tokyo offices could playtest the game.

The development team made heavy use of playtesters due to the studio's experience while developing Jungle Beat. One of Koizumi's main concern were the camera angles and the motion sickness they caused. He thought camera-induced motion sickness was a problem with 3D action games, and did not find either Super Mario Sunshine or Donkey Kong Jungle Beat's solutions satisfying.

EAD Tokyo was pressured to finish the game close to the Wii's launch, as several peoples were disappointed by Super Mario Sunshine not being a GameCube launch title and thought that it could have changed the GameCube's fortune. However, they decided that making a polished Mario game was more important.

Reception
Famitsu Magazine has given Super Mario Galaxy a score of 19/20. To put that in perspective, Super Mario Sunshine was given 37/40 and Super Mario 64 39/40. The Official Nintendo Magazine UK gave the game 97%. It was called the best game of the decade and praised for having excellent graphics, sound and gameplay as well as a mixture of new features and classic features. Australia's longest-running unofficial multi-format gaming magazine - Hyper, scored the game 97 out of 100, tied for the highest score ever given in the history of the magazine, running since 1993. Also, it was voted by readers as the Game of the Year for 2007. The game placed 51st in the 200th Issue of GameInformer's "Top 200 Games of All Times". Nintendo Power ranked it as best Mario mainstream title in their May 2012 issue.

References to Other Games

 * Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins - In the Gold Leaf Galaxy, the secret star, "The Bell on the Big Tree", the featured bell is the same one from this game.
 * Super Mario Bros. - Several sprites from this game appear here, including a planet in the Toy Time Galaxy, Mario sprites being in the background of a particular Bowser galaxy, and the background of the Flipswitch Galaxy resembling the overworld and underworld levels. Also, the main theme of the Toy Time Galaxy is a remix of the main theme. Also, some of the musical notes are music from the game such as the underground theme and the underwater theme.
 * Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels - Luigi's higher jumping and lower traction returns.
 * Super Mario Bros. 3 - Several pieces of music from this game are remixed here. Airships also return.
 * Dr. Mario - A planet shaped like a giant Megavitamin cameos.
 * Super Mario 64 - The third and fourth star mission on the Beach Bowl Galaxy feature a similar bit to Shifting Sands painting in Super Mario 64. The Tox Boxes and Sliding Stones also return. The music of some Bowser galaxies are remixes of the original from Super Mario 64. Peach's Castle design is based on that of 64's, but with a few differences to it. Finally, in both games, after the credits and an ending screen is displayed, Mario would say "Thank you so much for playing my game!". Also, the music for the Rainbow Star is a remix of the Wing Cap theme from the game.
 * Super Mario 64 and Super Mario 64 DS - Both games begin with a letter being sent from Peach to Mario.
 * Paper Mario- Both games begin with a letter being sent from Peach to Mario, also Bowser's way of kidnapping Peach (by stealing the whole castle) is reused here. They also have stories of baby stars.
 * Luigi's Mansion - When the player first sees Luigi, he is trapped in a Ghost House. The fact that Mario frees him is a direct spoof of Luigi's Mansion, as in Luigi's Mansion it was the direct opposite. Also the music that is being played when a boss tower is unlocked sounds suspiciously like the Luigi's Mansion Dark Room theme.
 * Super Mario Sunshine - Fire Shooters and Water Shooters, which appear in various galaxies, have a strong resemblance to F.L.U.D.D.'s nozzle. The goal in the Loopdeeloop Galaxy and the Loopdeeswoop Galaxy is also shaped in a Shine Sprite.
 * Donkey Kong Jungle Beat - The flowers that Donkey Kong flings off of were reused in Super Mario Galaxy.
 * Mario Party 8 - If a Dry Bones falls into quicksand in Dusty Dune Galaxy, the cry Dry Bones makes when it is "blown away" in this game can be heard.

References in Later Games

 * Mario Kart Wii - Rosalina can be unlocked by having save data from Super Mario Galaxy; the Rainbow Road stage is set in space and is full of star bits; its music is a remix of the Good Egg Galaxy theme. Spiky Topmen were bosses in multiple online tournaments.
 * Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story - The Spike Ball move used in the last boss fight returns in this game.
 * Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games - The Dream Ski Jumping Event takes place in Good Egg Galaxy, plus some music from Super Mario Galaxy can be bought. Also, Purple Coins can be collected in some Dream Events.
 * New Super Mario Bros. Wii - During the credits, Peach can be heard saying the letter she sends to Mario at the beginning of Super Mario Galaxy. In Airship levels a remixed version of the music in the intro where Bowser attacks is played.
 * Super Mario Galaxy 2 - Many elements from Super Mario Galaxy return in the sequel such as the Star Festival story is reintroduced.
 * Super Mario 3D Land - The haunted house theme returns. The graphics resemble to the ones from this game. Cosmic Mario returns and the airship theme returns.
 * Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games: Dino Piranha appears as the enemy faced during the Dream Spacewalk event. Despite taking place in the Sky Station Galaxy from Super Mario Galaxy 2, several planets from the Good Egg Galaxy and Gateway Galaxy are shown.
 * Mario Kart 7 - On the Rosalina's Ice World course, the Comet Observatory is visible in the background. A remix of part of Space Junk Galaxy's music can also be heard.
 * Mario Party 9: The Ground Pound Switch icon appears on Wiggler's body segments and on Whomp's back. Also the music of some Bowser Jr. minigames is a remix of Bowser Jr.'s theme of this game.
 * Mario Tennis Open - The Comet Observatory appears as an unlockable court. The music played is a remix of the tune played there and the music for the special game Galaxy Rally is a remix of the Good Egg Galaxy.

Trivia

 * By coincidence, the title Super Mario Galaxy was first mentioned in a fan letter written to Nintendo Power by Jimmy Peterford of Glen Cove, New York. The letter in question, which was printed in the December 1991 issue, detailed a fantasy game system called the Raw Power System, which would come bundled with a game titled Super Mario Galaxy, but in Peterford's words, would be "better known as Super Mario Bros. 24!"
 * The Super Mario Galaxy Trading Cards were released featuring many characters, locations, and items from the game.
 * Super Mario Galaxy also spawned a sticker collection, which included stickers of characters, enemies, places, and items.