List of references and parodies

The following is a list of references and parodies to works and elements of the media, other assets of popular culture, and real-life celebrities and historical persons that have appeared in the Mario franchise and its partner franchises. Note that references to other Mario video games are not included here, nor are references in crossover games referring to the original series' source material. Historical or geographical references are also not included.

Donkey Kong

 * The tune that plays when Donkey Kong is climbing to the top of the construction site is a snippet of the theme song of .
 * The 25m theme is a snippet of the from  and the  of.

Donkey Kong Jr.

 * The jingle that plays when starting a new game in the arcade version of the game is a snippet of  by.

Mario Bros.

 * The music that plays when the player begins Phase 1 is the opening eighteen notes of Mozart's .
 * In the Atari commercial, the song that plays is a parody of the  intro.
 * The Japan-only re-release of this game, Kaettekita Mario Bros., features advertisements between its levels, either for other Mario games (such as Super Mario Bros. 3) or for the re-release's sponsor, the Nagatanien food company.

Super Mario Bros.

 * The Beanstalk that Mario uses to climb up to Coin Heaven is a reference to the English folktale .
 * Bowser's initial design was based on the ox king antagonist from Toei Animation's ' (renamed ' for its English release).

All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros.
An officially licensed retool of Super Mario Bros., many of the game's graphics have been altered or completely changed to feature references to :


 * The faces on the Goombas and the Piranha Plants are based on, one of the show's DJ's.
 * Starmen are replaced with Hiranya, a symbol popularized by the Japanese radio show Young Paradise.
 * The symbol that appears on the flag raised when Mario enters the end-of-level fortress and the axe at the end of each of the castle levels is replaced with the logo for.
 * The mushroom retainers saved at the end of each castle have been replaced with various Japanese celebrities. Respectively, they are: (World 1),  (World 2),  (World 3),  (World 4),  (World 5), Daisuke Matsuno (World 6), and  (World 7).

Super Mario Bros. Special

 * The item Hachisuke is based on the bee from the Hudson Soft logo.

Super Mario Bros. 2

 * The sound effect of Birdo spitting an egg is taken from the sound effect that plays when a magical projectile is fired by the Magical Rod item or the Wizzrobe enemy in The Legend of Zelda.

Super Mario Bros. 3

 * The "Magic Whistle" item is the Recorder from The Legend of Zelda; it summons a whirlwind to warp the player character to another location and plays the same tune when used, which has become a reoccurring melody in the original series. Also, the music that plays in Water Land is very similar to the Fairy Fountain theme.
 * The island on which the castle of Water Land is located is designed after Japan; the castle itself is also placed in the same location that would be, the city in which Nintendo's headquarters is located.
 * Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 adds to this reference by adding.
 * Excluding Larry Koopa, the Koopalings are named after rock-and-roll musicians or classical music composers:
 * Morton Koopa Jr. is named after former country/western singer-turned talk show host Morton Downey Jr., since he "looked like a loudmouth."
 * Wendy O. Koopa is named after Wendy O. Williams, lead singer of American rock band The Plasmatics.
 * Iggy Koopa is named after Iggy Pop, lead singer of American rock band The Stooges.
 * Roy Koopa is named after early American rock musician Roy Orbison, since they both wore glasses.
 * Lemmy Koopa is named after Lemmy Klimister, late lead singer of British rock band Motorhead.
 * Ludwig von Koopa is named after composer Ludwig van Beethoven, due to their hairstyle.

Super Mario Land

 * The theme that plays for the Super Star in this game is taken from a portion of the song, also known as the "Can Can Song".

Super Mario World

 * Reznor is named after, the founder of industrial rock band.
 * Rip Van Fish is named after, the main character of the story with same name who fell asleep for twenty years.

Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

 * Level 4 of the Mario Zone features -like surfaces. At one point in the level, it is revealed that these are N&B Blocks, a toy manufactured by Nintendo in the 1960s to compete with the popularity of LEGO.
 * Level 2 of the Turtle Zone has urchin-like enemies, Unibō, that strongly resemble Gordos from the Kirby series.
 * The J-sons of Pumpkin Zone are a reference to from the movie series .

Super Mario 64

 * Whomps are based on, which in Japanese folklore is a living wall that gets in the way of travelers.
 * Bowser's roars and growls used in this and other games are stock sound effects that were previously used for and other movie monsters throughout several decades.

Super Mario Sunshine

 * If the game is hacked to remove Il Piantissimo's mask, he has the same face of the Running Man and the postman of Termina, from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, respectively, only with darker skin.
 * Phantamanta is a reference to the ending of the horror novel : "For a moment it assumed the shape of a huge, obscene manta, and then the wind seemed to catch it, to tear it and shred it like old dark paper. It fragmented, was caught in a whirling eddy of smoke, and a moment later it was gone as if it had never been."

Super Mario Galaxy

 * Octopuses, Octoguys, and Octoombas resemble and behave in a similar way to Deku Scrubs and Octoroks from The Legend of Zelda.
 * Star Bits are based upon a Japanese candy called.
 * In the Rolling Gizmo Galaxy, a hidden bunch of Star Bits formed in a shape similar to a Rupee from The Legend of Zelda can be seen.
 * The battle against Megaleg is based upon the Ganon boss fight that was originally planned for The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time.
 * The rockets in the Space Junk Galaxy and the Ghostly Galaxy closely resemble Captain Olimar's ship.
 * The last planet visited in the Buoy Base Galaxy (when it opens up) bears a striking resemblance to the Poké Ball from the Pokémon series.
 * The Topman Tribe enemies heavily resemble the  toys, which are in turn based on ; Japanese spinning tops made to fight each other.

Super Mario Galaxy 2

 * The Gold Gearmo in Boulder Bowl Galaxy will ask Mario for a Goomba, and the Silver Gearmo in Space Storm Galaxy will ask for a Topman. After being given what they ask for, they will hold it up in the air exactly like Link does when he gets an item in The Legend of Zelda.

Super Mario 3D Land

 * World 5-2 is based on the dungeons in The Legend of Zelda, in honor of the series' 25th anniversary. Additionally, when Mario or Luigi opens the area that contains the second Star Medal, the "found a secret" theme as heard in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time is heard.

New Super Mario Bros. 2

 * The Reznor's roar bears a strong resemblance to Godzilla's roar.
 * Dry Bones' dance during vocal riffs in the Tower theme resembles some of the choreography in 's music video.

New Super Mario Bros. U

 * In Soda Jungle-4, Painted Swampland, the level's aesthetic appearance is an homage to 's . This also applies to Superstar Road-5, Spinning Platforms of Doom, and their equivalent levels in New Super Luigi U, Painted Pipeworks and Under Construction, respectively.

Super Mario 3D World

 * When Bowser captures the Sprixie Princess at the start of the game, he does so by trapping her in a bottle, which is the same way Link catches fairies in The Legend of Zelda.
 * In Rainbow Run, a secret area similar to the one from Bob-ombs Below appears, except this time the blocks make up an 8-bit sprite of Link. After stepping on every block, the "Item Get" tune from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time will play, followed by a remix of the series' theme.

Super Mario Maker

 * Many of the Costume Mario costumes are based on characters from other non-Mario franchises.
 * In the Super Mario World-themed underwater course, the sprite of a Spike Trap is replaced with a Sea Urchin from The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening, which in turn appears similar to the Gordos of the Kirby series. However, unlike the sequel, placing one still announces it as a Spike Trap instead of a Sea Urchin.

Super Mario Odyssey

 * Many locations visited in the game are inspired by real world locations, such as Tostarena (based on ), New Donk City (based on, ) and Shiveria (based on , ).

Super Mario Maker 2

 * Takamaru and multiple ninjas from  appear as part of the animation for the "Ninja Attack!" sound effect that plays a sped-up version of the game's main theme.
 * The course creators Agent 1, Agent 2, Celebrity MC, and Celebrity DJ are respectively based on Callie, Marie, Pearl, and Marina from the Splatoon series.
 * A SNES-styled arrangement of the title theme from the NES game  plays when starting the baseball Toad House minigame in a Super World. The minigame also uses sound effects from the game.

Mario Teaches Typing / Mario Teaches Typing 2

 * The games' Mario in Real Time segments have several references in them:
 * When Mario says "Look, I'm a video game.", he moves his head like a typical DVD screensaver.
 * When Mario says "Sorry; that's-a hard for you, but easy for me. You know why?", he sings part of the chorus for "".
 * After Mario laughs at his own aforementioned joke, he falls out of view of the camera and shouts "". He then finishes by saying "That is my impression of American advertising!", referencing the fact that said line originated from LifeCall, an American company.
 * When Mario says "Can I sing a song for you?", he sings the chorus of "", then sings a variation of it with an eel-related pun.

Super Mario Kart

 * The jingle used when the player comes in 5th-8th place at the end of a race samples the song "" composed by.

Mario Kart Wii

 * The Blue Falcon kart is a reference to the vehicle of the same name in the F-Zero series, driven by Captain Falcon.

Mario Kart 8

 * Two crossover downloadable content packs released post-launch: The Legend of Zelda × Mario Kart 8 (pack one) and Animal Crossing × Mario Kart 8 (pack two).
 * Link appears as a playable character in pack one, while the Villager and Isabelle from the Animal Crossing series appear in pack two.
 * Hyrule Circuit (based on The Legend of Zelda series), Mute City (from the F-Zero series) and Excitebike Arena (based on Excitebike) appear in pack one, while Animal Crossing (based on the Animal Crossing series), and Big Blue (also from F-Zero) appear in pack two, with each track featuring a cover theme from their respective series.
 * The Blue Falcon returns as a vehicle in pack one. Also included in pack one are the Master Cycle, Triforce Tires, and Hylian Kite, all themed after The Legend of Zelda. Pack two includes the Streetle, City Tripper, Leaf Tires, and Paper Glider, all based on Animal Crossing.
 * On Mute City and Big Blue, the countdown and results music are those of the F-Zero series rather than those used on other courses. On Big Blue, reaching the final section of the course causes the announcer from F-Zero X to say, "Yeah! The final lap!" In addition, Animal Crossing uses the music played in The Roost for its results theme.
 * The GLA, W 25 Silver Arrow, and 300 SL Roadster appear as downloadable vehicles, and the GLA's tires also appear as a set of tires.
 * In Toad Harbor, a statue of Princess Peach similar in appearance to the can be seen. Toad Harbor also has some similarities to the city of, California.
 * As of update 3.0, by scanning a compatible amiibo into the game, the player can receive Mii costumes based upon various Nintendo characters, including Kirby, Captain Falcon, Link, and Fox.
 * In Ribbon Road, there is a poster that parodies  called "Kung Fu Lakitu".

Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

 * Urchin Underpass and Inklings from Splatoon appear in the game, as a battle course and playable characters respectively.

Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars

 * Link can be found sleeping in the Rose Town inn after beating Bowyer in the Forest Maze. Talking to him plays the series' classic discovery jingle.
 * Samus can be found sleeping in the guest bed of Toadstool's Castle after beating Yaridovich, and before going to Land's End. When spoken to, she says she is "resting up for Mother Brain", a recurring villain in the Metroid series.
 * A Samus action figure can be found in a toy box in Booster Tower.
 * Hinopio's shop in the Barrel Volcano has models of Captain Falcon's and Samurai Goroh's F-Zero machines (Blue Falcon and Fire Stingray, respectively) from F-Zero, and an Arwing from the Star Fox series.
 * Several references to the Final Fantasy series, are in this game, due to the game being produced by Squaresoft.
 * Culex is an optional boss designed to resemble a Final Fantasy boss. The music heard during the battle is a remix of "Battle 2", the boss battle theme in , and after the battle is won, the famous Victory Fanfare theme is played. His Elemental Crystals are also the same as in Final Fantasy IV. In addition, his English name is the Latin word for "mosquito", referencing the final boss of Final Fantasy IV, Golbez, whose name is taken from a type of fly.
 * In the Japanese version of the game, Culex's dialogue is based around the use of 2D sprites in the four Final Fantasy games in existence at the time, in contrast to Super Mario RPG's pre-rendered 3D graphics. In addition, the item he gives the player upon defeating him, the Quartz Charm, is named "Crystal Charm", another reference to the crystals of the series.
 * The enemy Bahamutt is named after the powerful dragon Bahamut from the Final Fantasy series.
 * The Czar Dragon shares its name with a superboss that does not appear in but exists within the coding for Final Fantasy VI.
 * Various Psychopath blurbs in the Japanese version are references to Japanese pop culture:
 * Terrapin says "Yo, I'm Nokohei! Are you watching, Grandpa?!" This references two of Son Goku's catchphrases in the 1986 anime adaptation of Dragon Ball.
 * The Hammer Bro says "My hammer tonight is a little bit different, turtle-turtle." This references one of Zenigata's catchphrases in the multimedia franchise Lupin III.
 * Shadow says "How sexy your side profile is right now..." This is a direct quote from the 1980 Akira Terao song "Shadow City".
 * Rat Funk, named Chūtarō in Japanese, says "Hey, know what? Chūtarō has..." This parodies a line from the theme song to the 1971 anime adaptation of Shin Obake no Q-tarō.
 * The Crook says "Mustn't run away... Mustn't run away..." This quotes a mantra by Shinji Ikari, the main character of the 1995 anime Neon Genesis Evangelion.
 * The Guerilla says "This character has no relation to any persons, living or dead. Any resemblance is purely coincidental." This references a common disclaimer used in films to reduce the possibility of a libel lawsuit.
 * The Jester says "O Lord, please forgive me, for I use neither gimmick nor trick." This quote the catchphrase of Meimi Haneoka/Saint Tail, the main character of the 1995 anime and manga Saint Tail.
 * Knife Guy and Grate Guy respectively say "Can happiness be obtained without sacrifice?" and "Can a new era be achieved without tragedy?" These quote two haves of Dr. Kasuma's dying words in the 1995 OVA series Giant Robo: The Day the Earth Stood Still.
 * Mukumuku says "Bullying? Bullying?" This references a catchphrase by Shimarisu-kun in the 1995 anime adaptation of Bonobono.
 * Pulsar says "Hit me and you will be punished when I go up in smoke!" The wording and delivery of the line references the catchphrase of Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon in the multimedia franchise Sailor Moon.
 * Crusty says "To~re tore pi~chi pichi." This quotes the lyrics to a famous jingle for the Kani Dōraku chain of seafood restaurants.
 * Buzzer says "My beat keeps the rhythm!" This references a line by Jonathan Joestar in the 1987 manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Phantom Blood.
 * Belome says "I'mmm happiest when I'm sleeping." during the first fight and "I'mmm also happy when I'm eating." during the rematch, both times parodying catchphrases by Kiyoshi Yamashita in the 1980 TV series Hadaka no Taishō Hōrōki.
 * Jinx says You're ten years too early! during the first fight against him, quoting Akira from the 1993 arcade game Virtua Fighter. During the second fight, he says "Evildoers do not deserve the Buddha's mercy!" This quotes splash text from Giant Robo: The Day the Earth Stood Still. During the third and final fight, he says "I've etched your hot fists into my mind! I'll now call you my rival (friend)!" This references an idiosyncratic writing choice in the 1983 manga Fist of the North Star, where the main character Kenshiro uses the kanji for "rival" with an alternate reading that means "friend."
 * When fighting Culex, the Wind Crystal says "Hyu~ruri~ Hyu~rara~." This quotes the 1983 song "Ettō Tsubame".
 * Valentina says "He's just a show-off. He's a small man." This quotes a line from Ritsuko in Neon Genesis Evangelion.
 * Zombone says "Not yet. I'm not dead yet." This quotes a line from Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam.
 * During the second phase of the Axem Rangers fight, Blade says "C'mon, just use me from the start..." This references an in-joke among fans of the Super Sentai franchise asking why the titular heroes don't open battles with their mechas.
 * The Star Cruster says "KANI KANI doko KANI." This references a line from the 1987 Famicom game Sanma no Meitantei, joking about the game's use as a crab for its cursor (as "kani" can mean both "crab" and "where?").
 * The Forkies says "Tsun tsuku tsuku tsuku tsun." This references a skit by Japanese comedians Shirō Itō and Masao Komatsu, in which they recite the New Year's carol "Haru no Umi" with this set of nonsense syllables.
 * The Ameboid says "I don't know what kind of face to make at a time like this." This references a line by Rei Ayanami in Neon Genesis Evangelion.
 * The Ninja says "Nin nin nin nin nin nintomo kantomo." This references a catchphrase by the title character of the 1964 manga Ninja Hattori-kun.
 * The Hippopo says "I'm not piloting it by choice either..." This refences a line by Shinji Ikari in Neon Genesis Evangelion.
 * The Machine Made version of Mack says "Mario! I have returned!!" This references a line by Anavel Gato in Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory.
 * Domino says "Blam-blam-blam-blam... WON-DER-FUL♥" This references the ending of the 1981 film adaptation of Sailor Suit and Machine Gun.
 * Poundette says "AI WA KATSU." This quotes the title of a 1990 song by Japanese musician KAN.
 * One unused Psychopath blurb in the game's code says "I REALLY hate males...!" This references a quote by Quess Paraya ("I hate young guys because they say things like that!") in the 1988 animated film Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack.
 * A number of Psychopath blurbs in the English version also reference western popular culture:
 * The Stinger says "Strike the pose!" This quotes a line from the 1990 Madonna song "Vogue".
 * The Goombette says "Me speak soft, BIG STICK!" This parodies a quote from 26th United States president Theodore Roosevelt, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."
 * The Machine Made version of Mack says "Mario! I'm BAAAAAAAACK!" This parodies the tagline to the 1986 horror movie Poltergeist II: The Other Side.
 * Upon encountering Bowyer, Mario attempts to simply charge toward Bowyer, fist punching, but Mallow holds him back and exclaims, "Who do think you ARE??? !?"
 * The game's end credits sequence features a nighttime portion heavily based on the ', and the music track "Happy Parade, Delightful Parade" is a soundalike of said attraction's theme tune, "."
 * While translating this game, Ted Woolsey initially wanted to name Punchinello "James Bomb," a reference to, but Square America would not allow it. In the final game, however, Punchinello does introduce himself with a line referencing Bond's introductory quote: "The name's Nello...PUNCHINELLO!" He also says "It's clobbering time!", the catchphrase of from , which is also used by Domino.
 * The Axem Rangers are based on the.

Paper Mario

 * The Koopa Bros. are based on the.
 * When tattling Moustafa after he reveals his true identity, Goombario says, "Da da da Duuum!", the theme for collecting an item in a treasure chest from The Legend of Zelda series. In addition, Moustafa's alter ego Sheek is a reference to Sheik from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time.
 * Like in Super Mario RPG before it, this game's end credits sequence references the Main Street Electrical Parade.

Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door

 * In the English version of the game, a Toad in Petalburg mentions that his favorite Game Boy Advance game is Fire Emblem when talked to. In the Japanese version, the game he mentions is Super Mario Bros.
 * Petalburg shares its English name with a city in the Pokémon series. Two of the key items the player must obtain in this chapter, the Sun Stone and Moon Stone, are also two types of evolutionary stones in Pokémon.
 * TEC-XX is likely based on, the artificial intelligence serving as the antagonist of . Furthering this reference, in the Japanese version, TEC's camera has a red lens.
 * In TEC-XX's quiz, one of the choices when he asks how to defeat the demon is a "legendary sword", a reference to the Master Sword from the The Legend of Zelda series.
 * Peeka and Lahla's outfit is based on the outfit, with cuffs and a bow tie. In the Japanese version, they wear bunny ears, though this was changed to cat ears in the North American and European releases.

Super Paper Mario

 * When Fracktail searches its internal database to search for Mario's identity, its eyes are turned into the loading icon for the Wii Shop Channel. In addition, after Dimentio causes Fracktail to short-circuit, Fracktail says "I AM ERROR", a reference to the line spoken by the character Error from Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, as well as making a number of other computer error references.
 * In Chapter 2-3, Mario must pay Mimi a debt. Rather than coins, Mimi insists that the debt be repaid in Rubees, a reference to Rupees, the currency of the The Legend of Zelda series. Flipside Tokens also resemble Rupees.
 * The Training Machine item resembles a Nintendo DS. When it is given to Merluvlee, she claims that it is used to train one's brain, a reference to the  series. Dorguy the Second's puzzles are also similar to those of the Brain Age series. After solving them, he states that the players' "brain ages must be very young".
 * The Underwhere and many of its aspects and inhabitants refer to the mythology (i.e. Underchomp to  and River Twygz to ).
 * The battle with the Underchomp is based on text-based, turn-based RPGs, such as MOTHER and Dragon Warrior.
 * The Dining Specializer in Sweet Smiles and Hot Fraun resembles a DS Lite. Additionally, the top screen reads "Intellido IS." IS is an abbreviation of Intelligent Systems.
 * In the first fight with Dimentio, he transports the player and himself to Dimension D, a dimension that he says makes him 256 times more powerful. This is a reference to the limitation of the N64, along with various other systems of the time, of having 256 possible values in an.
 * In Chapter 3-4, Francis' computer room contains shelves with multiple Nintendo consoles. These include a Nintendo 64, a Nintendo GameCube, a Family Computer, a Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a Virtual Boy, and a Wii. The Wii can only be seen in 3D.

Paper Mario: Sticker Star

 * The business of Shady Toad and Sling-a-Thing Toad is implied to be illegal and secret, referencing the real-life.
 * The Squirt Gun sticker is based on games when used in-battle.

Paper Mario: Color Splash

 * The Fan Thing animation movie—in which a giant fan emerges from Earth's horizon in outer space—is a reference to the final scene of the film , including the music played during said scene.
 * In Bloo Bay Beach, the Five Fun Guys manager references the real life . He mentions "Shufflegate: Exposed," referencing Watergate Exposed, a book on the event.
 * In Indigo Underground, the Shunned Guy turning backwards as horror music plays references the film .
 * In Violet Passage, during the Shy Guy attack on the ship, Huey evades a cannonball by tilting backwards, and the scene is played in slow motion while the camera turns around him. This references the famous bullet-dodge scene in .
 * The Toadmaster General says, "Nothing can stop the mail! Not rain, nor sleet, nor hail, nor crooked signs, nor Draggadon... Well, maybe Draggadon. But the point is that we're back on the straight and narrow." This is a parody of the, which reads, "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds."

Paper Mario: The Origami King

 * Olivia says "Alright! Shake it like a piece of outdated photographic paper!" before lowering the entrance to Overlook Tower, a paraphrased version of the lyric "shake it like a Polaroid picture" from the song "" by the hip-hop group.
 * Samus's helmet appears in the game as the Space Warrior Mask.
 * King Olly's creation of the thousand origami cranes is a reference to the Japanese legend.
 * In Autumn Mountain, Mario can find a Toad climbing a cliff near the Water Vellumental Shrine. This Toad says he does not have enough stamina to make it up the cliff, but says he is glad it is not raining, which is a reference to the climbing system in The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.
 * The entire Great Sea area is based on The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, and shares its name with the sea in said game. Additionally:
 * The sailing mechanics play out very similarly to the ones in said game.
 * Mario needs three orbs to unlock the Sea Tower, like Link needs three pearls to open the Tower of the Gods.
 * On Diamond Island, Mario completes the Trials of Courage, Wisdom, and Power, which correspond to the Triforce pieces from the Zelda series. The temples these trials are found in also match the color scheme of their respective pieces.
 * The Sea Chart looks very similar to the map in The Wind Waker, and is filled out in a similar way.
 * The Sea Tower is visually reminiscent of the Tower of the Gods, has a similar setup in terms of progression (self-contained floors with a major puzzle spanning multiple rooms) and has similar outdoor sections where Mario needs to climb the outside of the tower to proceed up to the boss.
 * Some of the rooms of the Sea Tower are based on the four Vellumental temples, similar to the four areas of Ganon's Tower that take on the theme of the four main dungeons.
 * If Mario talks to Olivia after completing the three trials, she says, "You've got power, wisdom, AND courage, Mario...but I don't think that's a secret to anybody." This references a line of dialogue from the series' first game, The Legend of Zelda: "It's a secret to everybody."
 * The music that plays in the ring puzzles in the Battle Lab is strongly reminiscent of the sound capabilities of the SEGA Genesis/Mega Drive.
 * On Spade Island, there is a Toad stuck in a barrel at the centre of the island. The way Mario frees him (by using other Toads as keys to push him up out of the barrel) seems to be a reference to the toy.
 * Mario can find a Toad near Shogun Studios shouting "Let me in — LET ME IN!", which is a reference to a skit in .
 * The last two acts at the Big Sho' Theater are based on ' and ' respectively, with the latter using the same music as well as an arrangement of it.
 * There is a side mission that involves going out to the Great Sea and finding a shell to cook it. Inside the shell is a topless Toad, and the way he poses when opening the shell is a reference to the painting , painted by Sandro Botticelli.
 * In Toad Town, one Toad lives in a house with a bunch of Goombas. He comments, "It's like we're total opposites! Say, this gives me a great idea for a TV show that's never been done...," referencing .
 * A Toad who is transformed into a bug in the Earth Vellumental Temple mentions that he has read a book about it before, referencing .
 * A text box reading "Paradise Found" appears over the introduction of Shangri-Spa, which is a play on the title of .
 * The Mushroom Collectible Treasure description makes a reference to the proverb "".
 * The game contains a running gag in which numerous characters say some variation of the phrase "I'm [verb]-ing here," a reference to the line "hey, I'm walkin' here" from the 1969 buddy drama film Midnight Cowboy.

Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga / Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions

 * In the original game, two posters at the Yoshi Theater advertise films centered around Kirby and Starfy. The last character, whose games at the time had not been localized, has his name romanized here as "Stafy."
 * Starbeans Cafe is a pun on.
 * Wario, Fox McCloud, Captain Olimar, Samus Aran, an Excitebike Racer and Link were all going to make appearances at the shop, but they were all replaced by a single appearance from Professor E. Gadd. They were all planned to give Mario certain special items, but these are given out by E. Gadd and most were renamed in the final game. The items would have been as follows:
 * Fox would have given the Gold Ring, a reference to the Supply Rings of the Star Fox series (renamed the Bonus Ring).
 * Olimar would have given the UV Lamp, one of his ship parts in Pikmin (renamed the Cobalt Necktie).
 * Samus gives an Energy Tank from the Metroid series (renamed the Power Grip).
 * The Excitebike Racer gives the Excite Spring; this is the only item that was not renamed for the released game.
 * Link gives Mario and Luigi the Triforce (renamed the Great Force). Coincidentally, for the remake, not only was the Great Force redesigned to resemble the item it replaced, but Mario and Luigi's obtaining it was also accompanied by the Legend of Zelda games' "item get" jingle.
 * In Bink's mini-game Barrel, an 8-bit Stalfos sprite from the original The Legend of Zelda will appear on the right for a few seconds once the player gets 30 points.
 * The Secret Specs, a version-exclusive item that replaces the Power Grip in the remake, resembles the top half of a Virtual Boy.

Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time

 * The Shroobs' method of fueling their ships is to extract Toad Vim, a reference to The War of the Worlds and how the Martians use human blood to fuel their ships.
 * Princess Shroob's throne has three legs, making it resemble a Tripod from The War of the Worlds.

Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story

 * Before Fawful gives Bowser a Vacuum Shroom, he says "A WINNER IS YOU", referencing the ending of the NES game .
 * In Toad Town, Mario and Luigi meet a Toad who teaches them how to dig up special beans. After finishing, he states, "Find all you can. They're a secret to everybody!", in reference to how Moblins in The Legend of Zelda would give Link free Rupees after saying, "It's a secret to everybody."
 * Princess Lipid's way to give the bros. badges is similar to , one of Aesop's Fables.

Mario & Luigi: Dream Team

 * Wakeport is a pun on Wayport, Inc. This place also appears to be based on.

Mario Party series

 * The English names of many minigames in this series are references to United States and international popular culture. For example:
 * In Mario Party 2 the minigame name "Dizzy Dancing" is a pun on .
 * In Mario Party 3, the movie title  becomes "Water Whirled" and "Etch 'n' Catch" is derived from the.
 * In Mario Party 4,  becomes "Hop or Pop," "" by becomes "Blame It on the Crane," and the rock band name  becomes "Mario Speedwagons."
 * In Mario Party 5, the song title "" becomes "Mazed and Confused," the song title "Bright Light Fright" becomes "Night Light Fright," the name of  becomes "Merry Poppings,"  becomes "Bound of Music," and the  amusement park lends its name to one of the minigames as well.
 * In Mario Party 6, the ancient racing arena  becomes "Circuit Maximus," and the song "" becomes "Stamp By Me."
 * In Mario Party 7 ' becomes "Ghost in the Hall" and the video game, ' is parodied as "Spinner Cell."
 * Shroomlock from Mario Party Advance takes his name from the first name of, and claims to be from "Toadland Yard," a reference to.
 * Purchasing Cruise Secrets in Mario Party 7 results in the appearance of the text "Shh... It's a secret to everybody!", a quote from The Legend of Zelda.
 * In Mario Party 8, Bowser's line "Let's do the crime warp again!" in Bowser's Warped Orbit is a reference to a line in the  song "," "Let's do the time warp again."
 * House of Boos from Mario Party: Star Rush is directly based on the  arcade game.

NES Open Tournament Golf

 * The English localized title for this spiritual predecessor to Mario Golf is a reference to the actual golfing championship.

Mario Golf (N64)

 * The names of various The Legend of Zelda and Star Fox characters appear on the scoreboard in the international version.

Mario Golf (GBC)

 * The last club is called "Links Club" and uses the Triforce as its logo.

Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour

 * If the golf ball is hit and lands on a patch of flowers, several Pikmin will pop out from the ground.
 * The Coin Attack mode can spawn coin formations in the shape of the Triforce.

Mario Golf: Advance Tour

 * Mr. Resetti's name can be seen on the scorecard.

Mario is Missing!

 * In the PC version, there is an unused audio file that plays dialogue from the  episode "The Ultimate Computer". The file is named PAT.WAV, possibly referencing one of the game's programmers Pat McCarthy.

Mario's Early Years!
The following is a list of songs appearing in Mario's Early Years! Fun with Letters, Mario's Early Years! Fun with Numbers, and Mario's Early Years! Preschool Fun.
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")
 * (retitled as "Three Little Koopas")

Kinopio Live
The game features songs by and the song "" by  translated in Japanese.

Mario Ice Capades
The "Purple Plunger for Bravery" is a reference to the military medal.

The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!
Most episodes of the show are references to books, movies, and songs, usually from around the 1980s.

The episode "Star Koopa" contains many references to the first three Star Wars movies: the Koop Star is based on the, Stormtroopas are based on , Lightplungers are based on s, Mushroom Starfighters are based on , the Flying Pizza is based on the , the Mushroom Planet is based on , the Stormtroopa's starfighters are based on s, the Garbage Pod is based on an escape pod, Obi-Wan Toadi is based on , Darth Koopa is based on , Mouser's role and costume is based on , the Intergalactic InSinkErator is based on Garbage Compactor 3263827, Mario Skywalker is named after , and the phrase "May the pasta be with you.", said by Princess Toadstool and Obi-Wan Toadi, is a reference to the phrase "May the force be with you." The Intergalactic InSinkErator is also named after the brand of garbage disposals.

The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3
The songs "Smelly Town" and "My Karoobi" are parodies of the real songs "" and "" respectively.

Super Mario World television series
Several songs are parodies of real, copyrighted songs. In "Rock TV", several shows, TV channels, and companies in the episode are either parodies of or are actually real life shows, channels or companies including ', ', ', and '. Mario's line "I want my Rock TV!" is a parody of slogan, "I Want My MTV." The family that King Koopa spies on is watching .

Super Mario-Kun

 * Kirby makes a cameo in one volume.
 * Mario makes a passing reference to in volume 3, confusing Doraemon with "Dorabon" (or "Drabon" in the French localization), the Japanese name for Rex.
 * In the French release of Super Mario-Kun volume 3, after having trouble recalling enemies from Super Mario Land, Mario finally recognizes their origin game, but Luigi asks if he meant Sonic the Hedgehog.
 * In volume 4, there is a chapter based on The Legend of Zelda, in which, while on the way to save Princess Peach, Mario and friends are warped to Hyrule. At the end of the chapter, several F-Zero racers make a cameo.

Super Mario Bros. Watches

 * When starting up Mario's Egg Catch, can be heard. During Game Over,  is played.
 * When starting up Luigi's Hammer Toss, can be heard.

Super Mario Bros. & Friends: When I Grow Up

 * Link makes appearances in the Chef/Waitress page, as a patron at Mario's restaurant, and on the Travel Guide page as the travel guide. A Bot, Daira, and Moblin, enemies from the early Legend of Zelda series, appear on other pages.

Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3

 * Several sound effects of this game are borrowed from Metroid II: Return of Samus, such as the pause sound effect and the sound that plays when Wario hits a boss. Both games were developed by the same developers, and run on the same engine.

Wario Land II

 * When the player has completed the game a remake of the 1980 Game & Watch game Flagman appears, called Flagman D-D.
 * Some of the treasures in this game are references to other games, such as the Pegasus Boot and the Ocarina from The Legend of Zelda series, as well as a Metroid from the Metroid series.

Wario Land 3
In The Big Bridge, there is a collectable called the Pokémon Pikachu.

Donkey Kong Country

 * In the Game Boy Advance version of Donkey Kong Country, Sabrewulf from Rare's  fighting game series is stuffed and mounted in Cranky's Cabin, but it is still alive as he occasionally blinks.

Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest

 * Dixie Kong's hat features a Rare logo pin on it. This stayed with her until 2002, after the company was bought out by.
 * Chief Thunder, a character from , makes a cameo on a poster found in Cranky's Monkey Museum. Also within the museum is a Killer Instinct arcade cabinet.
 * After the player has beaten the game, they can take part in Cranky's Video Game Heroes competition. The competition is simply whichever video game hero can collect the most DK Coins. When the player first sees this competition the heroes already present are Mario, Yoshi and Link. A garbage can can also be seen in the bottom corner of the screen next to Sonic the Hedgehog's shoes and Earthworm Jim's raygun, with a sign saying "No hopers" on the can, a jab at Sega. These were removed in the Game Boy Advance version, which was released after that company's rivalry with Nintendo ended.
 * The music for the swamp levels has a part that sounds similar to 's "". The composer for the game, David Wise, confirmed that the similarity was intentional.

Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!

 * When talking to Bazaar and asking about the owner of the castle in the Northern Kremisphere, refusing his offer to tell for two coins has him say that Link also came in "just last week" and asked about the castle as well. Bazaar also mentions that when he left he was muttering about his shell being the wrong shape, a reference to the Secret Seashell sidequest in The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening. These references were removed from the Game Boy Advance port.
 * In the French release, Baron K. Roolenstein asks during the first fight against him if Dixie Kong and Kiddie Kong are familiar with KREM le Survivant, a riff on the 1983 manga Fist of the North Star (titled Ken le Survivant in the French localization of its 1984 anime adaptation).

Donkey Kong Country Returns / Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D

 * At the start of the level Tippy Shippy, fossils resembling Parasites from Metroid Prime appear.
 * At one point in the level Foggy Fumes a Mr. Game & Watch-style figure can be seen hammering at a pipe in the background.
 * Similarly, what appears to be the skull of Crocomire from Super Metroid can be found.
 * In Cranky Kong's Shop in the remake, if the player keeps the Portable DK Barrel selected for a while, Cranky makes a reference to The Legend of Zelda, saying, "It's dangerous to go alone. Buy this!"

Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze

 * In the level Busted Bayou, in the area where the "K" can be found, the player can find Samus' gunship sitting on some tree branches similar to the plane wreckage.
 * In the level Amiss Abyss, if the player passes the first signpost and giant illuminating statue, reaches the end of the trench and heads back towards the statue through the anemone (the player must have more than one hit point to do this), a Metroid can be seen floating in the background.
 * When hovering over the Crash Guard in Funky's shop, he says, "Vehicle trouble? It's dangerous to go alone--take one of these!", a reference to The Legend of Zelda.
 * Donkey Kong can be seen playing a Nintendo 3DS during his idle animation; in addition to several Mario games, one of the games he can be heard playing during this is Animal Crossing: New Leaf.

Donkey Kong Land

 * The name of the enemy Nemo is a reference to  from the book ', with the submarine he pilots being known as the '.

BS Super Mario Collection

 * Music choices for the game include and.

Shitamachi Ninjō Gekijō

 * In the episode,  is portrayed by a.

Hotel Mario

 * The names of the hotels owned by the Koopalings and Bowser are puns on actual famous hotel and resort brands:
 * Morton's Wood Door Hysteria Hotel -
 * Roy's HardBrick Hotel - "" (an song about a fictional hotel.)
 * Larry's Chillton Hotel -
 * Lemmy's High-ate Regency Hotel -
 * Ludwig's Thump Castle Hotel -
 * Wendy's Blitz Snarlton Hotel -
 * Bowser's Seizures Palace Hotel -
 * Some of Mario's lines reference popular culture such as "We ain't afraid of no Koopas!" (a play on the line "I ain't afraid of no ghost!" from the ) and "Hey, you! Get off-a my cloud!" from the song, "."

Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island

 * In the German version of the game, Naval Piranha is called "Audrey", referencing the plant from .
 * The starry background for some levels (such as KEEP MOVING!!!!) is based upon Vincent Van Gogh's The Starry Night.

Yoshi's Island DS

 * When Kamek is introducing Hector the Reflector to Yoshi, he says "Mirror, mirror on the wall, I've got a friend who's the ghastliest of them all! Are you frightened yet, little Yoshi?" This references a quote from multiple incarnations of, specifically the quote uttered by the each time she addresses her sentient mirror.

Yoshi's Story

 * In Jelly Pipe and Torrential Maze, the names "Zelda" and "Pikachu" appear in the newspaper in the background.

Yoshi's Woolly World

 * The music played in Yoshi and Cookies has a few tunes from the title screen of Kirby's Epic Yarn, which was also developed by Good-Feel and composed by Tomoya Tomita.

Diddy Kong Racing / Diddy Kong Racing DS

 * Banjo and Conker were included in the original playable roster as "sneak previews" for their then-upcoming games Banjo-Kazooie and Twelve Tales: Conker 64 (which would later be reworked into Conker's Bad Fur Day).
 * In the original Diddy Kong Racing, Timber's hat has the Rareware logo on it. This was replaced with the Nintendo DS logo in the remake.
 * In Diddy Kong Racing DS, Dixie Kong's hat shows a silver Rareware logo on it, but only when an event happens while racing that she is shown through a box.

Super Smash Bros. series

 * The Beam Sword bears a strong resemblance to the s of the  franchise. Originally the Beam Sword's sound effects were taken from the Star Wars films. The sound effects were removed for the international releases of Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Melee, though they have been included in every installment since.
 * Samus's green alternate costume that appears in every game in the series is referred to by Masahiro Sakurai on the Japanese Super Smash Bros. website as "mass-produced Samus", a reference to the  franchise.
 * Sakurai considers the dual blades that Pit uses in Super Smash Bros. Brawl similar to 's double-bladed lightsaber from Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, as well as the television series The Clone Wars. He also revealed himself to be a fan of the Star Wars series in an issue of Nintendo Power.
 * Galleom being able to convert between vehicular and humanoid forms heavily lends itself to Asian "transforming " series - the most well-known example of which is the  franchise.

Donkey Kong 64

 * Two classic games, Jetpac and Donkey Kong, are included as bonus features in this game.
 * In the final boss fight of this game, Nintendo and Rareware, the game's publisher and developer respectively, are announced as the sponsors.
 * An earlier version of the game featured a shower stall in Donkey Kong's Treehouse with Banjo and Kazooie on the side.
 * The first part of the background music for Creepy Castle is an arrangement of "" by.
 * The background music for Creepy Castle's museum contains a sample of "" by.

Luigi's Mansion

 * The boxart of this game resembles the cover design of .
 * If Luigi goes to the door to King Boo's alter before capturing the required amount of boos, a scene will show King Boo mistaking Luigi for Mario. In the scene, King Boo states that, "I will not give up my favorite decoration, I like Mario just where he is". This is a reference to the film , in which states, "I will not give up my favorite decoration, I like Captain [Han] Solo just where he is".  hangs frozen in carbonite on a wall similar to Mario being trapped in King Boo's painting.
 * The Game Boy Horror resembles a Game Boy Color.
 * Two (or rather, three) of the Portrait Ghosts are named for real-life historical persons. Henry and Orville are named for and  respectively, and Vincent Van Gore is a parody of . In the Spanish translation, however, the twins are given the names of  and, famous stepbrothers in the royalty of Spain; and Van Gore takes the name of another artist,.

Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon

 * The scene where Luigi inspects his TV in the game's introduction is a reference to a scene from the movie .
 * The scene inside the Hollow Tree in Haunted Towers where Luigi looks down the staircase is a reference to both the movie  and the famous camera effect introduced in it,.
 * The scene in Treacherous Mansion where two Strong Greenies bring a suit of armor to life is a reference to .

Luigi's Mansion 3

 * In the hallway in the theater on the Paranormal Productions floor, framed posters depicting other games by Next Level Games can be seen. Among them are a poster depicting Little Mac from Punch-Out!! in his victory pose with Doc Louis and Mr. Sandman in the background, as well as a poster depicting the soldiers from Metroid Prime: Federation Force facing a large alien framed in shadow. Pulling on the Punch-Out!! poster with the Suction Shot will destroy it, causing a large green boxing glove (similar to those worn by Little Mac) to fly out.
 * Little Mac's gloves can also be found on the floor in the Fitness Center's gym, having been worn by a Hammer.
 * The music Amadeus Wolfgeist plays on the piano before his boss battle is an arrangement of the title theme from Metroid Prime: Federation Force.
 * Some of the movie sets in Paranormal Productions are references to real movies:
 * The Horror Set references the 2002 movie , featuring a long-haired puppet rising from a well in a similar manner to Samara Morgan.
 * The Micro Set references the 1957 film The Incredible Shrinking Man, specifically the scene where the protagonist battles a spider.
 * The City Set and the battle that takes place in it is a reference to ' films such as the ' series and , the latter of which one of the game's developers stated he was a big fan.

WarioWare series

 * Many names for microgames in this series are references to famous media and other popular culture.
 * In all entries except Game & Wario, 9-Volt and 18-Volt's stages feature classic Nintendo hardware or software; by Smooth Moves, they began to cover more recent games as well as older ones.
 * "The Maze That Pays" from WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$! is a parody of Pac-Man.
 * In WarioWare: Twisted!, "Open-And-Shut Case" makes a reference to ', and "Slap Jack" is inspired by ' in the original Japanese game and  in localizations.
 * In WarioWare: Touched!, Wario's encounter with the Sewer Guru in the opening (in which the guru asks him whether he dropped a pair of Game Boy Advance systems or a Nintendo DS) is a reference to the Aesop's fable ; and the website's description for Wario-Man makes the analogy that an old garlic clove is to Wario "[w]hat a radioactive spider is to Peter Parker," the alter ego of.
 * In Smooth Moves, "Universal Marionette" features a background spoofing 's ', and the White Rabbit from ' is referenced in the victory animation for the first level of "Clock-Watcher."
 * Game & Wario features various characters from the ' games in its cinematics. The Chorus Kids appear with Sal Out in the opening cinematic; the interviewer and wrestler from Fever appear on the sidewalk in the Pirate minigame's intro and have their own slide in the ending credits; and one of the Rhythm Heaven monkeys is hidden in the crowd during the report of the new console. The Onion from the series' first game appears in the credits and on a pile of books in Ashley's intro cutscene. One Rhythm Heaven character, the Wandering Samurai, even gets his own microgame in Gamer. Also in Gamer, the second level of "Sole Man" takes place in a wrecked city on fire where Wario-Man must avoid a giant dinosaur foot, in reference to '.
 * The Triforce appears as one of the possible drawings in "On the Mark," a WarioWare Gold microgame which had previously appeared in Touched! as "Chalk Full." Further allusions to the Rhythm Heaven series are made: Mona imagines a plushie modeled after, the protagonist of Rhythm Heaven Megamix, Mr. Sparkles' rank A character card states he "goes to a gym known for its celebrities, like ", 9-Volt's book contains pictures of the and dialing the code "CAFE" in the telephone room will lead to a call where someone implied to be the  mentions that putting an Ashley doll in his café lead to an influx of new customers, referencing how an Ashley doll is seen in one of the Café's background in Rhythm Heaven Megamix.

Wario World

 * Several Nintendo consoles appear as treasures, including the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo 64 and Nintendo GameCube.

Donkey Konga series
The Donkey Konga series includes both songs from popular culture and music from other Nintendo franchises. The songs are different in each region.

Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle

 * The title screen theme takes a few tunes from Tribalstack Tropics in , as both games were composed by Grant Kirkhope.
 * The soundtrack that plays during the sandy portions of Sherbet Desert is titled "A Song of Ice and Desert", in reference to 's fantasy novel series, .
 * In Spooky Trails, the player can find a Rabbid sleeping on a house-like structure. When observed, Beep-0 will say, "He'll catch the one of these days." This references  from , particularly his "Flying Ace" persona.
 * The beginning of one of the battle themes, titled "Cold Start, Hot Finish", borrows a riff from the Freezeezy Peak theme from . One of the reasons may be because they are both composed by Grant Kirkhope.
 * Many of the weapons in the game feature pop-culture references in their names, designs, and descriptions:
 * Hell in a Shell is named after the WWE event.
 * Yellow Submarine is named and modeled after by . Its description includes a reference to the line "And our friends are all aboard".
 * Sons of Bwahnarchy is named after the American TV series .
 * Flannel Phantom's description references a slogan used by : "Don't get mad! Get Glad!"
 * Rainbow Runner's description references the song "" from .
 * Electron, Renegade, Grid Gavel, and Master Control are all references to the film .
 * Run For the Hills' name and description reference .
 * Megalodon 2: Payback's description references the tagline for : "Just when you thought it was safe to get back into the water..."
 * Surly Temple is named after the.
 * Big Finish's description references the popular 1986 song "" by the band Europe.
 * Nasty Yella Fella's description references a famous line from the film : "Say hello to my little friend!"
 * Matrix Mashup is named and modeled after the film . Its description references an iconic scene where the protagonist must choose between ingesting a red pill or a blue pill.
 * Gemcutter's description references the theme song to .
 * Hammer Time is named after a lyric from the song "".
 * Bat Out of Heck is named after the album  and its titular song.
 * Deadeye Dino's description references a famous line from : "Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn't stop to think if they should."
 * Killer Extinct's design and description are a reference to the film, while its name is a reference to the fighting game.
 * Fatal Frame is named after the  series of horror video games.
 * Attack From The Future II's name and description both reference . The sentry's description, "It's back! It's back from the future and believe me, it looks VERY gloomy for you enemies[...]", references the events of the film, as returns from 2015 to a dystopian alternate 1985.
 * Iron Curtain's design is based on the Marvel superhero . Its description mentions a "wise-cracking computerized A.I.", likely referring to.
 * Louis Harmstrong is named after famous jazz musician . Its description includes a reference to his song "".
 * The King is named and modeled after, whose nickname is "The King".
 * Von Quackington's description parodies a famous quote from Bram Stoker's .
 * The description for Scubam! mentions a "famous Rabbid explorer" named "Bwahcques Bwahsteau", a reference to real-life marine biologist.
 * Sam Kingfisher is named after Sam Fisher, protagonist of the  series also produced by Ubisoft.
 * Disco Duck shares its name with by, and its description references "" and "" by the  and , respectively.

Stargazer

 * The preview description "The fault is not in our stars, but Mario is!" references the novel ' whose title, in turn, references William Shakespeare's play '.