Bowser's Brother

Bowser's Brother is the apparent twin of Bowser that appears in Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels. His identity varies in supplemental material, with the only consistent characteristic being his blueish color that was removed in Super Mario All-Stars.

Super Mario Bros.
Even though Bowser's Brother does not properly appear in the original Super Mario Bros., the palette used for castle sections before the final boss battle causes an unintended consequence in which Bowser has the same coloration. This is due to color of Bowser's skin and shell being obtained through a palette swap commonly used in castle sections of the game, except for the parts in which the boss is fought. Because of this, standing near the end of a castle in a way so that Bowser is barely seen on the right-hand side of the screen causes him to appear dark shades of blue, but he will revert back to his correct colors if Mario or Luigi advances any further. The same graphical oversight can be seen in Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels.

Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
Bowser's Brother makes his first appearance in the Family Computer Disk System version of Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels. There, he appears in World 8-4 and World 9-3. He tries to stop Mario or Luigi both by throwing hammers at them and by breathing fire.

While distinguished from Bowser through the color of his skin and shell (brown and teal, respectively), when defeated with fireballs, he does not turn into one of Bowser's minions, revealing him to be distinct from the fake Bowsers. In World D-4, a fake version of him appears that only breathes fire and, when defeated with fireballs, is revealed to be a Spiny.

In the Super Mario All-Stars version, Bowser's Brother is recolored to look identical to Bowser and also appears in D-4 in place of the fake version of him.

Super Mario Bros. Deluxe
Bowser's Brother returns in Super Mario Bros. Deluxe. Here, he appears in the game's port of Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (referred to in this game as "Super Mario Bros. For Super Players"), having the same role and appearance as the original game.

Mario Tennis (Nintendo 64)
Bowser's Brother does not appear in Mario Tennis, but one of Bowser's palette swaps features blue skin and a blue-colored shell similar to his original depiction, but more saturated.

Super Smash Bros. series
In Super Smash Bros. for Wii U the eighth recolor of Bowser is said to be him in the tips. This alternate coloration returns in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

Identity
Initially mentioned as just another Bowser in the Japanese guides of Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels, without specifying what was his relationship to Bowser besides not being his twin, in the character books of the '90s released before the release of Super Mario All-Stars the blue Bowser was described as being Bowser's younger brother,  with Super Mario Zen Hyakka, a book written in collaboration with Nintendo, putting him as part of the 「王族 」 (Ō-zoku, literally "King Tribe") and thus a leader of the Koopa Troop and member of Bowser's royal family, along with the Koopalings and Bowser himself. Due to his recoloring from blue in Super Mario All-Stars, he was not considered a distinct character from fake Bowsers in the Japanese official guide book. However, he was named "Bowser's Brother" and stated to be his twin in the Nintendo Power guide for Super Mario All-Stars. After the release of Super Mario All-Stars and his recoloring to look identical to Bowser, he started being considered a fake Bowser. In Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, the English text suggests this depiction while the Japanese version leaves the nature of the blue Bowser ambiguous. Super Mario Pia, a memorial book also written in collaboration with Nintendo, supports the interpretation that the blue Bowser is a particular fake Bowser. Encyclopedia Super Mario Bros., which was released around the same time, distinguishes him from fake Bowsers but states that his identity is unknown.

Super Smash Bros. for Wii U tip

 * "A Bowser Impostor?! In Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels, Mario fights a blue fake Bowser before the real thing. That blue fake is his eighth color in this game!"

Trivia

 * Due to his blueish coloration, Bowser's Brother resembles Shigeru Miyamoto's original blue depiction of Bowser in artwork for Super Mario Bros., prior to the character's redesign in artwork for Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels.