Lava

Lava is, quite simply, molten rock. It can be found as a hazard in many parts of Mushroom World.

When Mario touches lava, it can scorch him terribly, causing him to run around, almost uncontrollably, in pain. In some instances, it may result in him losing some health (as seen in Super Mario 64 and Paper Mario), or instant death (as seen in Super Mario Sunshine and most 2D Mario games, such as Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario World). Even an Invincibility Star will not protect Mario from this deadly obstacle. The effect lava has on Bowser varies as well, ranging from not affecting him at all to actually killing him at least once. This could mean that there are different temperatures (or even separate types) of lava that differ from game to game.

Super Mario Bros.
Lava first debuts in Super Mario Bros., where it appears in the fourth level of each world. If Mario or Luigi falls into the lava, they will instantly lose a life. At the end of the level, Mario or Luigi must destroy the bridge that Bowser is on.

Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
Lava reappeared in Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels and had the same purpose as in Super Mario Bros.

Super Mario Bros. 3
In Super Mario Bros. 3, lava occasionally appears in the Fortress level in some worlds. Falling into the lava will cause Mario or Luigi to instantly lose a life.

Super Mario World
In Super Mario World, lava appears in the fortresses and castles level. Once again, Mario or Luigi will instantly lose a life should they fall into the molten lava.

Super Mario 64
In Super Mario 64, lava appeared in Lethal Lava Land and Bowser in the Fire Sea, and covered much of the stage. This lava would bubble and release Podoboos and Fire Snake-like clumps of fire. When Mario touched lava, he would jump into the air with smoke coming out of him, and he would quickly lose three wedges of health. In his Capless Form, Mario would lose four wedges instead. Both lava stages featured enemies called Bullies that would try to knock Mario into lava.

Super Mario Sunshine
In Super Mario Sunshine, there are two different kinds of lava. The first type is found only in Corona Mountain. It covered the entire bottom of the stage, and served as a major stage hazard in that level. If Mario touched the lava in Corona Mountain, he would instantly lose a life. The second type is the Lava Goop painted by Bowser Jr. (a.k.a. Shadow Mario) with his Magic Paintbrush. This lava did not result in immediate death, but Mario would leap into the air uncontrollably, covering little horizontal distance. Therefore, if there is a lot of the lava goop when Mario touches it, death may still be inevitable.

Super Mario Galaxy
In Super Mario Galaxy, lava is found mainly in each Bowser and Bowser Jr. level, where it comprises most of the landscape (with a few exceptions of course). In fact, Bowser Jr.'s third level in Super Mario Galaxy is actually called Bowser Jr.'s Lava Reactor, and features considerably more lava than the other Bowser or Bowser Jr. levels. Other galaxies, while not entirely comprised of only lava, do rely heavily on the presence of lava as a major obstacle in some areas.

Super Mario Galaxy 2
In Super Mario Galaxy 2, the same applies for Bowser's first fortress in the game, Bowser's Lava Lair. Some galaxies between the two games consist entirely of lava-based obstacles, including the Melty Molten Galaxy and the Melty Monster Galaxy.

Mario Kart series
In the Mario Kart series, lava appears in many race courses. Falling into lava delays the racers, as they must wait for a Lakitu to pull them out to continue the race.

Paper Mario series
Despite lava appearing in almost every Mario game (or almost every video game for that matter), Lava is rarely seen in the Paper Mario series. In Paper Mario there are only two areas to feature lava; the first is inside the volcano Mt. Lavalava, and the second is inside Bowser's Castle. In this game, if Mario falls into the lava, he loses five hit points, and on most occasions, he needs to have Parakarry carry him over it or have Lakilester float over it. Lava appears again in Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. In this game, it is only found during the two Bowser events; the first around Bowser's Castle, and the second in a stage reminiscent of Super Mario Bros.. Mario himself never encounters any lava at all in this game. In Super Paper Mario, there is no lava at all, save the lava around Bowser's Castle in the introduction screen.

Donkey Kong series
Lava is, like on Earth, a naturally occurring and dangerous substance in the Donkey Kong Universe.

Lava's first appearance in a Donkey Kong game was in Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest, where it was an obstacle found primarily in the area Crocodile Cauldron, a large volcanically active area.

In Donkey Kong Country 2's semi-sequel Donkey Kong Land 2, lava is slightly less common due to Crocodile Cauldron being fused together with the large and swampy Krem Quay to create Krem Cauldron.

In Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! lava makes a small appearance in the hidden world, Krematoa. Here, a small pond of lava can be seen and oddly enough, swam through after Krematoa's ancient volcano is re-activated.

This same pond of lava can be seen in Donkey Kong Land III, the pseudo Game Boy sequel of Donkey Kong Country 3.

Lava also appears in Donkey Kong 64, once again as an uncommon, yet dangerous obstacle.

Trivia

 * Contrary to popular belief, using a Fire Flower to transform into Fire Mario does not make Mario invincible to lava, and will damage him normally if entered.
 * On the other hand, collecting an Ice Flower will allow Ice Mario to skate across the surface of lava filled areas unscathed (only in Super Mario Galaxy, though).
 * Even though lava doesn't appear in Super Paper Mario, the tattle for the Podoboo says that the player must avoid them while jumping over lava.